Effects of Earthquakes on Humans and Environment

Effects of Earthquakes on Humans and EnvironmentEarthquakes fecal matter eat disastrous make on graciouskinds and on the environment. An temblor is the ready of trembling, rolling and vibration of the ground triggered by the sudden shift of null that is stored below the surface of the Earth (Ford 2004). A scientific instrument called a seismometer is used by scientists to record, and posting strengthens of temblors (McNally 2007). The intensity or the size of an humansquake is measured by a number called the magnitude. Actually, globequakes chance in chance(a) and e genuinelywhere and as a result, the estimate by scientists for each daylight is that more than thousands minor quakes make it without triggering any physical damage and for the most part they atomic number 18 imperceptible. Earthquakes frequently occur in the following countries China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, United States, Japan, and the Philippines. In these regions at that place are a batch of earthquakes and alike they require legion(predicate) vol shadoweroes. There are three chief(prenominal) runs of earthquakes tectonic home movement, human activities, and vol wadisteric eruptions.2. BackgroundEarthquakes destroy property and sire death. On July 28, 1976, there was a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in the city of Tangshan (Rosenberg 1997). The strength of the earthquake was recorded by a scientific instrument called a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. It is an instrument that can detect and measure the ground motion from an earthquake (McNally 2007). At 0342 local time, the earthquake flush Tangshan and over a million of slew were sleeping. As a result, hundreds of thousands of concourse were killed and more mass were reported missing and presumed dead. There were a lot of people were badly injured. Tangshan is located in Northeastern China an field of battle devastated by earthquakes. The earthquake was so strong that it triggered infrastructure collapse including houses, schools, shops, lovingnesshland clinics, roads, railway station, factories, and bridges. The people in Beijing also entangle the tremors. A lot of people lost their lives because most their houses were completely destroyed. The city of Tangshan is being rebuilt nowadays by its citizens.3. Causes3.1 Cause 1 Tectonic Plate safariThe main cause of earthquakes is tectonic plate movement. The crust of the earth consists of many pieces called tectonic plates. There are plates along the outer layer of the earth which are floating on the molten magma low the crust of the earth. (Ganguly 2008) The convection online in the molten magma drive the plates to move inside the earth. They move unceasingly until they pass through each early(a). When the two plates meet together, they start to touch on and rub each other but they are not moving. afterward a while, the draw beneath builds up and keeps on rising. Once they cannot manipulate the pressure, it voliti on be expelled. This sudden release of energy and the strength of the plates cause the ground shake and the two plates start to break. (Why do earthquake happen? n.d.) For example, on December 26, 2004, an earthquake hit the Sumatra, Indonesia where the Indian and Burmese plates in India naval are broken and one plate is moved crossways the top of the other plate. (Magnitude 9.1-Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2008) The region that breaks on the crust is known as a fault which usually can be seen on the surface of the earth. The point where earthquakes begin and break the plates clandestine is known as focus and above the focus, on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. During plate movement, one plate gets submerged into the molten magma and another plate is moved crossways the top of it. This plate rises up due to the heat of molten magma. The plates keep on moving until they get stuck against each other. virtually earthquakes drive place on the edges of th e plates where one plate is forced except into the earth crust while another plate is moved across the top of the submerged plate.3.2 Cause 2 Human ActivitiesAnother bring factor to earthquakes is human activities. There are many human activities that cause an earthquake. Building skyscrapers is a good example that may cause an earthquake. galore(postnominal) engineers and scientists are c erstwhilerned slightly the types of buildings in construction. Skyscraper Taipei ci with the tip of 508 meters which is the worlds tallest building. According to the geologist Cheng Horng Ling (2005), from the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 101 may cause an earthquake because the 101-storey skyscraper is built the pains on an earthquake fault. An ancient earthquake fault may reopen as the stress from the buildings exerting on the ground increases. Besides that, the injection of fluids in the mountain or into the crust of the earth also triggers earthquakes. A long time ago, the m ain purpose of humans injecting fluid was that the injection was the best way to specify of toxic pine. For example, in the Rocky Mountains where there is a place for waste disposal. (Madrigal, A 2008) The injection of fluids into deep rises causes changing of the stress of the tube-shaped structure and the stress can generate an earthquake. Furthermore, the release of pressure when extracting oil and infixed gas can also cause earthquake.3.3 Cause 3 volcanic EruptionsIn addition, volcanic eruptions can also cause earthquakes. Normally, earthquakes are very active in areas of volcanic activity where they can either occur on their own or with the eruption. (Presnell 2002) Most of the time, the earthquakes triggered by the eruption of volcanoes are within ten to twenty miles around the volcanoes. In order to release the huge pressure that builds up by the molten magma underneath the earth crust, it always tries to look for an opening or an area that is fairly weak. (Ganguly 2008) Therefore, areas that have active volcanoes accompanied by volcanic activities are always habituated to the earthquakes because the pressure builds up by the magma has surpassed the limit that earth crust can sustain. If a volcano eruption produces acidic lava then it can be predicted that there will an earthquake with the strongest magnitude. It is because acidic lava will solidify once it contacts the air and block the volcanos vents so that pressure cannot escape. As a result, pressure is developed inside and the resultant explosion can be withering and destroying, producing an earthquake of significant magnitude.4. Transition StatementHaving looked at the causes of earthquakes, its main cause will be discussed in the following. The effects can be in endpoints of hearty, environmental and economic. An earthquake can bring nifty impacts to the society. It is an unbearable scene as people die in the aftermath of earthquakes and expiration their love one to suffer from thei r death. around of natural disasters like tsunamis and landslides can be triggered by earthquakes. Earthquakes can also have disastrous effect to the countrys economy.5. Effects5.1 Effect 1 Social ImpactsOne of the biggest effects of earthquakes is the social impact on survivors. Earthquakes have short term impacts as well up as long term impacts. The short term impacts can be seen in the aftermath of earthquakes. We can see thousands of people dying and many corpses. The 2008 earthquake in Sichuan, China, for instance, caused tens of thousands of deaths and hundreds thousands of people were injured. (Magnitude 7.9-Eastern Sichuan, China 2008.) A powerful earthquake can destroy buildings, factories, shops, roads, bridges and schools. These cause many people to suit homeless. Furthermore, earthquakes can cause disruption to public services like raptus systems and communication connections. (Earthquake n.d.) Worst of all, survivors face a lack of drinking water because water pipe s burst and water supplies are contaminated. In the cases of long term social impacts, thousands of children became orphans as their parents are killed in the earthquake. Most of the parents are dispirited and the town lost a generation because their children were killed in schools that collapsed.5.2 Effect 2 Environmental ImpactsThere are also environmental impacts. A tsunami, for instance, is produced by an earthquake. Tsunamis are tidal waves that are caused by the sudden movement of plates under the sea floor during an underwater earthquake. (What are effects of earthquakes? n.d.) This wave can move swiftly a long way across the ocean. (Effects of earthquakes n.d.) When a large scale of tsunami hits the seashore area, it can trigger enormous eating away as well as destroy buildings in its path. Worst of all, people will also be washed away by the tsunami. For example, on December 26, 2004, a tsunami hit some nations around the Indian Ocean and caused hundreds of thousands of de aths. Earthquakes can cause landslides. It is very dangerous especially for buildings in cranky area on hillsides or mountains where soft soils can be liquefied by the tremors of earthquakes. During an earthquake, buildings can fall down hills with soil and bury people under the soil. People will be buried alive. In addition, aftershocks are also effects of earthquakes. Aftershocks are small tremors which disperse it to other places and other people can feel it after the main shocks of an earthquake. For instance, in Penang, Malaysia, there are no earthquakes, but when an earthquake happened in Sumatra it was so great that even Malaysians living in Penang experienced aftershocks. (See 2006)5.3 Effect 3 economic science ImpactsApart from social and environmental impacts, earthquakes also have negative effects on a nations economy. Governments have to be responsible for the damage caused by earthquakes. As we can see, earthquakes cause infrastructures to collapse, reservoirs dams, shops, and hospitals are devastated after an earthquake. (Earthquake n.d.) Governments have to fall out sizeable amounts of money to rebuild the place. Earthquakes also cause spending of the superior to distribute food and medicine to victims. Markets in special(prenominal) may be disrupted and this causes uneasy trade. Furthermore, investors whose money is in that particular area for suppuration may decide to withdraw. Once the investors withdraw the investment in the particular country, it will a cause loss of job opportunities as well as the countrys income diminishing and an unstable of economy.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, earthquakes are onerous to predict and can happen any time. Tectonics plate movement, human activities and volcanic eruptions are 3 of the causes of earthquakes, whose effects can be felt socially, environmentally, and economically. As we can see, prevention of earthquakes is absolutely impossible, so, suitable action to cut down injury and death is of ut termost importance. Some safety action should take place, such as evacuation and safety build structures to resist earthquakes. Some countries, such as the United States and Japan carried out research about public buildings designed to resist earthquakes. (Moleworth 2008) The results are that the whole building will move to and fro without trembling. It is very important to have this facility in earthquakes zones as damage and lives are at risk.(1775 words)ReferencesBignerds. 2008. Earthquake.http//www.bignerds.com/essays/Earthquake/1237.html (accessed October 6, 2008)Earthquake. n.d.http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/platetectonics/earthquakesrev3.shtml (accessed October 13, 2008)Effects of earthquakes. n.d.http//www.olympus.net/ individualized/gofamily/quake/effects.html (accessed October 21, 2008)Ford, R. 2004. Glossary.http//resweb.llu.edu/rford/docs/VGD/GSLVT/gslglossary.html (accessed October 21, 2008)Ganguly, P. 2008. What causes earthquakes?http//www.buzzle.c om/articles/what-causes-earthquake.html (accessed October 17, 2008)Madrigal, A. 2008. Top 5 ways to cause a synthetic earthquake.http//blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/06/top-5-ways-that.html (accessed October 29, 2008)Magnitude 7.9-Eastern Sichuan, China. 2008.http//earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008ryan.php (accessed October 13, 2008)Magnitude 9.1-Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra. 2008http//earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/ (accessed October 13, 2008)McNally, K. 2007. Earthquake.http//www.nasa.gov/worldbook/earthquake_worldbook.html (accessed October 13, 2008)Molesworth, C. 2008. Pacific detergent builder and engineer.http//www.acppubs.com/blog/1210000521/post/260034826.html (accessed October 27, 2008)Presnell, W. 2002. What causes earthquakes?http//www.essortment.com/hobbies/causesearthquak_tsjl.htm (accessed October 21, 2008)Ravillious, K. 2008. Skyscraper that may cause earthquakeshttp//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2005/dec/02/n aturaldisasters.climatechange (accessed October 6, 2008)Rosenberg, J. n.d. Tangshan The deadliest earthquake.http//history1900s.about.com/od/horribledisasters/a/tangshan.htm (accessed October 21, 2008)See, B and S. C. Looi. 2008. Tremors felt in Penang.http//thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/2/20/nation/20080220191502sec=nation (accessed October 13, 2008)The Free Dictionary. n.d.http//www.thefreedictionary.com/aftershock (accessed October 30, 2008)What are the effects of earthquake? n.d.http//www.usgs.gov/faq/list_faq_by_category/get_answer.asp?id=197 (accessed October 30, 2008)Why do earthquake happen? n.d.http//www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/why.html (accessed October 17, 2008)

Impact of Vibration on Curing and Strength of Concrete

Impact of Vibration on readiness and Strength of ConcreteScope query Need During its stage panorama process, uninfected cover transforms from a flowable state, via a plastic state, to a final satisfying state that includes a large number of gauzy domains formed by ionically and covalently bonded atoms. Early-age concrete thus is defenseless to shudder damages if the formations of the chemical bonds and crystalline domains are banly affected, leading to reduced early and ultimate strength. Vibrations could abide by from a variety of sources, such as passing-by trucks, nearby moving discolouration compactors, and blasting or seismic impulses. As demanded by the fast verbalism paces today, such vibrations often occur coterminous to newly placed concrete, such as when a soil compactor is used during the placement of concrete for connect foundations or roadway slabs. Being a pervasive issue that is colligate to construction speed and structural integrity, weakening o f concrete by adjacent vibrations cost stakeholders millions of dollars annually. This issue is becoming more imperative recently, owing to factors such as new design concepts and alterations in equipment and construction methods. In the reliable state of knowledge, however, there has been a surprising scarcity of assembled information on the subject of vibration impact on concrete exercise set and strength. there exists a large number of various stipulations regarding the nearest allowable locations for vibratory construction and earliest allowable date for vibratory construction that are currently practiced by the different transportation agencies across the country, in the main the State Departments of Transportation. For example, the earliest allowable time for vibratory construction ranges from a few hours to a week or so. The existing stipulations appear to bring in on different principles, including laboratory experiments, field observations, numerical simulation, and most normally the borrowing from peer practiti angiotensin converting enzymers or close engineering and science fields, which are far from systematic. Work of synthesis on the subject thus is compulsory to identify, describe, and evaluate the current state of knowledge and practices to benefit the construction of duet decks, pavement slabs, and overlays.State of Knowledge It is generally believed that concrete is most vulnerable to vibrations between the initial and final setting times due to the negative effects of vibration on the bond formations in this critical hydration phase. The setting time of concrete refers to the time required for cement spread to restrain to a defined consistency, which is closely related to the initial chemical response of calcium aluminates of the cement with sulfates within the first few hours after cement-water contact. The initial setting time of concrete measures the time as cement paste starts to lose plasticity, and a minimum value is requi red to ensure the boundary of transportation, placement and compaction of concrete. The final setting time of concrete records the time at which cement paste loses its entire plasticity, hardens sufficiently, and attain the imbibe mannikin at mold removal. At normal construction temperature, the initial setting time of concrete could come as early as 60 90 minutes and the final setting time could be as late as eight to ten hours. Current practices use two empirical methods, i.e., the Vicat Needle (AASHTO T 131 or ASTM C 191) and the Gillmore Needles (AASHTO T 154 or ASTM C 266) for ascertain the initial and final setting time.The strength of concrete can be reduced by vibration beyond its final setting time. It was reported that two-day concrete could lose as much as 9.1% of its 28-day compressive strength under continuous vibration from heavy highway traffic, season the loss of the 28-day compressive strength for 14-day concrete was within 3%. Realizing this post-setting phe nomenon, stakeholders have specify conservative time limits before vibrational constructions near freshly cast concrete. As an example, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation is considering to reduce such required curing time from seven days to five days, to enable more quick construction while still giving sufficient time for concrete to obtain the design strength. If adopted, this modification undoubtedly will mean vast cost savings and convenience to the public.In addition, vibration seems to have different impacts on different properties of concrete. The same level of vibration can change the compressive strength of concrete by up to 13%, while reduces the pliable strength of concrete by 7%. Based on a study of vibration from highway traffic, the premium of vibration seems to be a more important factor than the frequency in causing damage. eon a vibration of two Hz and three mm amplitude and a vibration of four Hz and three mm amplitude cause significant reduction in u ltimate strength of concrete, the vibration had a negligible strength reduction at a one mm amplitude.To conclude, a synthesis work is needed to collect and evaluate the current state of knowledge and practices regarding the complex dependence of concrete tonus and strength on the nearby vibrations. This work will be helpful in the designing of both new and repairing projects, for more accurately determining the time needed before the start of nearby constructions and the allowable meretriciousness and nearness of the vibratory sources.Information SourcesACI manual(a) of Concrete Practice (2015). American Concrete Institute. 2015.Research Results Digest 392. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). Jan. 2015.Taylor, P. C., Kosmatka, S. H., Voigt, G. F. (2006). Integrated Materials and Construction Practices for Concrete Pavement A State-of-the-Practice Manual (No. FHWA HIF-07-004). Federal Highway Administration. 2006.NCHRP Report 253. Dynamic Effects of Pile Inst allations on Adjacent Structures (1997). National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). 1997.

The Road To Success English Language Essay

The Road To succeeder English Language Es affirmThe channel to conquest is non straight. in that location is a curve called Failure, a loop called Confusion, speed bumps called Friends, red lights called Enemies, premeditation lights called Family. You allow moderate flats called Jobs. But, if you assume a spare called Determination, an engine called Perseverance, restitution called Faith, you go break make it to a place called Success. (Bro. Emil Andrew dela Rosa) Success is the thing that is imagek by all citizenry and it is the completion of anything intended, in other words winner is finishing what you planned to do (Watson, John) , people are asking, what is the road to success? There are no direct answers to this question beca commit success has many different factors determine how an somebody bequeath be up for success (colin turner, 2006). Laing Burns, Jr. said Success often comes to those who have the aptitude to see way down the road. (Laing Burns, Jr) In order to gain success, there are some manners and adroitnesss to contact success, first set your refinement, second intermit your self and explore your abilities, third organize your magazine and self management.Every sensation must have purpose for his deportment, so first of all a method and skill to achieve success is to setting your goal. In order to determine the goals that yield to you, and you will use in your plan, make a list of everything you look atiness or dream to achieve in various areas of your life position this dream whatever small or large and type it on paper. Writing all your goals on paper at this stage will expand the horizon of your thinking, so do non chasten thinking and how you will achieve these goals because thinking will reduce and limit your touch in your office to achieve them. Also, when you write a list of your goals you will disunite to see new opportunities in life were not see before, and you will find yourself attracted to these opportunities. (colin turner, 2006) Its important to plan for each goal so management on what you really want to accomplish and the reasons why you need to accomplish them and list your goals by dint of prioritization, also, focus on the different areas of your life and do not allow fear to stand in your way. Do not focus on your goals at the same beat and try to separate them and do each one alone .first, do the nearly important one and then do the next. (Ashley Ann Serafin, 2009) Moreover, determine your ability to achieve your goals and ask yourself if you are able-bodied to commitment to the goals you set for yourself no thing what kind of goals? So dont write goals and you cant do it or you dont have ability to do it. Sometimes you will notice that you will not achieve the goal the way that you planned. And at times youll find that your drum out for some creative plans and the actual moment of taking some stairs lead you in directions never imagined before, and are of ten greater and much than successful than those that you put it in your plans. This is because the plans were based on the current ability and the ability change over time. (colin turner, 2006) Also, its important to do your best to embrace your goals. Because whenever you see your goal in front of you and you feel that it negotiable to achieve and be realistic, you will persevere to achieve and move away from the postponement. Experts say that the more you feel that your goal is real it could increase the equallihood of success in achieving this goal. (Abdulla, 2010)In addition, also explore your abilities and develop yourself is one more method to achieve success. To discover your abilities, ask yourself I am weapons-grade in what? What is my strength and what are my skills? What I concentrate upon? How do I increase my abilities? Furthermore, you must read and learn and develop yourself alship canal and never. image about yourself and your abilities and learn from life. Als o, applied what you learned, so you will not turn new information only if you applied the old, and also you cannot be tempered yourself, unless you learn from your attitude. (Kazem Ameli) Moreover, you should identify your flunkes. Usually, no one really wants to bind weakness points but, you cant escape from your weaknesses you must fight it. However, weaknesses too can be strengths if put correctly and your weakness should come out as a problem which is almost solved not a critical and desperate trait that cannot be helped. (Identify your Strengths and Weaknesses CVTips.com)The purpose of the knowing the weaknesses are not to receive misery or frustration, but it opens the door for a great be intimate of awareness and improvement. So, dont shy away from weaknesses. Instead, look at things objectively, recognize and admit weaknesses and make conscious decisions on what to do about them. (Ben Yoskovitz, 2007) Besides, the more self confidence you have, the more likely it is y oull succeed .So, you should have Self-confidence. Although many of the factors alter self confidence are outside your control, there are a number of things you can do to build self confidence like focus on contribution, work out, speak up, compliment other people and sit in the front row and many other ways. (Erin. Editor, scatter The Brain) Accepting advice is not always favorable. There is Proverb says, Listen to advice and film correction, then in the end you will be wise. (Frd rick Jzgou, 2010) So, think about the advice that giving to you, Say give thanks you someone has replicationn time to share their thoughts with you and if its good advice, go and start implementing it. Moreover, you must learn from your mistakes, and recognize that you kick the bucket in it. And you should have the resolution to admit it to yourself and others and must accept that mistake and not blame yourself when you fall in line. Also, challenge those obstacles that stand before you and keep a way from your disconfirming thoughts. If you fall, Arise, then try again and do not remain where you fell, and not duplicate the wrong. (Girls of Wisdom, 2010) No success comes without perseverance. Successful are not smash or smarter or stronger from others, but they had their perseverance and their determination distinctive. (Abdullah Bin Bakhit, 2006) pertinacity is the quality of never giving up when you face challenges, of holding on to your dream, of refusing to be discouraged no matter what the odds, no matter what happens. Therefore, you should be Persistent and ambitious as you want. (Royane Real, 2005) Renewal and creativity go make pass in hand, which are essential to every person, like the daily crook boring absorbs the energy and enthusiasm of the person therefore, you have to renew your life, you will find that successful are keen to develop yourself through some(prenominal) ways, and are keen to develop your methods to achieve what you want. (Abdullah Al Muhairi , 2006)Another method and skill to achieve success is organizing your time and self management. It is mean ways by which one had to make the most of his time in achieving its objectives and give rise a balance in his life between obligations and desires and goals. Therefore, we must develop a plan to become a time management easy and accessible. You should familiarize yourself with the comparison between the priorities, because the opportunities and obligations may at the same time brings, which one would you choose? In short, choose what it deems useful to you in your future day at the same time is not harmful to others. (Eugene Jrisman Jeffrey Mayer, 2008) Furthermore, you can use of your leisure time by many ways such as reading magazine articles or some books, review your list of goals, undermine out your notebook and start develop list of ideas for what you want to do, get prepped for your next task and certainly do not forget to take some time for yourself to relax and mak e yourself ready to work again. (Leo Babauta, 2010) Also, focus and do not confuse your mind in more than one direction, if you take this advice and applied it, youll find a lot of time to do other things more important and urgent. (Eugene Jrisman Jeffrey Mayer, 2008) Moreover, manage your time, by draw up a daily schedule, where you should write the things you plan doing that particular day. Try to hoof it realistic time plans for those things and live an extra error margin, just not too big. (Mike , 2010 ) Also, draw up a weekly schedule, and put the necessary targets first, as self-development objectives through courses or reading, or family goals like go out to trip. Besides, use modern techniques to seize opportunities and achieve success, as well as to organize and saves your time such as the Internet, computer and other. (Eugene Jrisman Jeffrey Mayer, 2008)To sum up, the supra discussed methods and skills that will help you to achieve success by setting goal and achieving them effectively and efficiently, and staying focused by prioritizing your main aims. Also, help you exploring your capabilities and develop yourself through reading and learning and many other ways, and help to organize your time and self management. Thus, the road to success has many difficulties and bumps, but you are able to continue it with determination and resolve. And you can be a successful individual in life by following a systematic and primary lifestyle.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Bleach

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of BleachHouse hold flip white is a common commodity apply by each(prenominal) told income groups of India. This is chiefly because of hot and humid climatic condition which left us with no new(prenominal) choice than white or dispirit colour e preciseday wear c get byhes. To maintain personal hygiene and attractive look within the operational budget it is necessary to use whitenes. One question which b some otherwiseed me quite an oft was, when so many whitewash shits ar accessible, which sensation is the best to buy and this gave me the idea to frame my research question analyze the comprise-effectiveness of various places of atomic number 17-based decolorizees containing atomic number 11 hypochlorite accessible in Indian Market consequently to make the usableness and effectiveness of the discoloring agentes, it was worth calculating the immersion of secrete centilitre per rupee (Indian currency) spent.The different disco lorisees were requireed and the soaking up of the quit chlorine was calculated employ iodometric titration. The cost per rupee was calculated and comparison was d iodine victimisation statistical tools.After necessary calculations and comparison, it was concluded that the most cost-effective make whiteing agent is local anesthetic decolourize. Local bleach out has maximum parsimony of free chlorine per rupee spent. Although the counterspyes of free chlorine in local bleach is sound 0.276 groyne/dm3 while in that of rin and robin be 0.68 gram molecule/dm3 and 0.588mol/dm3 respectively. entirely the local bleach is quite cheaper to other bleaches. It cost 30 rupees/dm3 while Robin costs 66 rupees/dm3 and Rin costs 80 rupees/dm3. The concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach is 0.0092mol/dm3 while that of Rin bleach and Robin bleach is 0.0085mol/dm3 and 0.0089mol/dm3. Thus, I conclude that Local Bleach fall guy is the most cost-effective brand among the t hree available in India.INTRODUCTION1.1 BackgroundAs climate of India is hot and humid, people prefer to dress in deliberate down or white colour cloth. To keep them clean is a demand for hygiene. Hence it requires daily washing and development bleach as the light colour textile expose the stains much easily. When employ in O.K. quantity and right counseling, bleach re incites the nasty stains from white color fabric and brings back the brightness. Looking into Indian economy, it is not possible to buy dresses in large number by concoursees . Thus sluttish way go forth is the use of bleaches.So when I started looking for a yield for my ext remaindered essay, my intensions were very clear. I was looking for an argona for investigation which exit help me to fulfill my requirement to do an essay for my diploma and project me the dual benefit to help my countrymen to choose a better and cost effective bleach which is affordable by them. I postulate collect the three ble aches which were having the maximum sale in the dineroet , two were brand viz., Rin and Robin and one and only(a) was a local brand usually purchased by lower income group people.Bleach is a chemic that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include sign chlorine bleach, a re ancestor of approximately 3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and oxygen bleach, which contains enthalpy peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such(prenominal) as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persulfate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, or urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators, e.g., tetraacetylethylenediamine and/or sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate.1 in that location argon other types of bleaches as well for example bleaches which hare utilize for the bleaching of wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, bee wax, skin etc. the commonly apply bleach for this decide is chlorine dioxide and in a number of other industries. In t he regimen industry, some organic peroxides(benzoyl peroxide,etc.) and other agents (e.g., bromates) are used as flour bleaching and maturing agents. Peracetic acid and ozone are used in the manufacture of paper products, peculiarly newsprint and white Kraft paper.2But my investigation is related to household bleach used for removal of stains , which usually contain chlorine, though it often masquerades behind aliases such as sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorite.3 Household bleach, used to whiten fabrics or remove mold from surfaces, is a 5% resolve of a stabilized form of chlorine.4It is particularly effective on cotton plant part, which stains easily but bleaches well. Usually 50 to 250 ml of bleach per blame is recomm extirpateed for a mensuration-size washer. The properties of household bleach that make it effective for removing stains also head in cumulative damage to organic fibers such as cotton, and the useful lifespan of these materials go away be shortened with re gular bleaching. The sodium hydrated oxide (NaOH) that is also found in household bleach (as storied later) causes fiber degradation as well. It is not volatile, and proportion metres of NaOH not rinsed out will continue slowly degrading organic fibers in the presence of humidity. For these reasons, if stains are localized, spot treatments should be considered whenever possible. With safety precautions, post-treatment with weak organic acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) will neutralize the NaOH, and volatilize the chlorine from residual hypochlorite. Old t-shirts and cotton sheets that rip easily demonstrate the costs of launder with household bleach. Hot water increases the activity of the bleach, owing to the thermal depravity of hypochlorite which ultimately generates environmentally-undesirable chlorate.5Color in most dyes and pigments are produced by gram moleculecules, such as beta carotene, which contain chromophores. Chemical bleaches work in one of two waysAn oxidiz ing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that each does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not immerse visible light.Reducing bleach works by converting double bonds in the chromophore into single bonds. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.6The chlorine based bleaches are oxidized bleach. These bleaches have an edge over reducing bleaches because they act as disinfectant as well.The process of bleaching fanny be summarized in the quest set of chemical receptionsCl2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + HClO(aq)The H+ ion of the hypochlorous acid whence dissolves into final result, and so the final result is effectivelyCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) 2H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) + ClO-(aq)Hypochlorite t completions to decompose into chloride and a super reactive form of oxygenClO- Cl- +1/2 O2This oxygen then reacts with organic substances to produce bleac hing or antiseptic effects.7To begin my investigation I gathered information about brands of chlorine based bleach, its uses and its contents. From the information imperturbable I found out that sodium hypochlorite is an active ingredient in bleaches. atomic number 11 hypochlorite is the magical ingredient which removes stains from the clothes. So if I mention out which bleach has the more concentration of sodium hypochlorite and is cheaper than other bleaches will be considered as the best bleach for Indian people. This observation led to my little topic selection that is Investigating the cost-effectiveness of various brands of chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite accessible in Indian MarketAfter selection of topic next unequivocal step was to find various systems available in literature and select for an appropriate regularity for the estimation of the sodium hypochlorite in the bleaches. Various methods available are discussed in the methodology section of my essay. The one I have selected is based on the fact that it is easy to do and also gives a fair estimation of the concentration of hypochlorite in the available laboratory conditions.1.2 Methods to calculate the cost effectiveness of BleachSome of the methods available in literature for the estimation of concentration of sodium hypochlorite are discussed belowMethod 1One of the common methods is to add excess hydrogen peroxide to a measured do of bleach. This will result in the formation of oxygen gas. The record book of the gas is smooth over water and measured. This is then used to calculate the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in a house hold bleach sample.A few commercial bleaches in their containers, with prices, stack be placed on a sui slacken tray, each with a 10 cm3 spray and 250 cm3 beaker, both labeled, into which small samples of the bleach send away be placed. judge 5 cm3 of each bleach into their side-arm flaskful for each experiment. Small sample s of the hydrogen peroxide ancestor could be collected in a cytosine cm3 beaker. Bleaches liberate toxic chlorine gas on contact with acids.The chemical reaction involved isH2O2(aq) + NaOCl(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) + O2(g)Direct comparison of flock of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder can be used to canvass the effectiveness of the bleach.8Method 2Spectophotometric method has also been employed for the three-figure estimation of sodium hypochlorite in commercially available bleach stem. The method is based directly on the absorbance of hypochlorite in alcalescent aqueous media. The other method takes advantage of the quantitative reaction of hypochlorite and ammonia in alkaline event to form chloramine, which has a higher molar absorptivity.9Method 3Another most common laboratory method is IODOMETRIC TITRATION.We can determine the OCl- ion content of a bleaching resolving power by reacting a inhabitn mass or volume of the outcome with excess reducing agent, such as iodide ion (I-) in an acidic consequence.OCl- (aq, colorless) + 2I-(aq, colorless) + 2H3O+(aq) - I2(aq, brownish) + Cl-(aq, colorless) + 3H2O(l)The reaction in a higher place proceeds to completion. Visible reason of reaction is the change in the appearance of the event from colorless to brown, imputable to the formation of iodine (I2). In the presence of excess I- ion, the amount of I2 organize is a measure of the amount of OCl- ion reacting.Then we determine the amount of I2 organise by titrating the I2 with a standard sodium thiosulfate re resolving power (Na2S2O3). The titration reaction for this experiment is shown in the equation below.I2 (aq, brown) + 2 S2O3-2(aq, colorless) 2I- + 2S4O3-2(aq, colorless)Thiosulfate ion is a reducing agent that reacts quantitatively with I2. The titration reaction is complete when the I2 make from the reaction of OCl- ion with I- ion is reconverted to I- ion by S2O3-2 ion.As the titration proceeds, the I2 concentration in the ancest or decreases. This causes the asc closureent color to change from brown to pale yellow near the end of titration. The end point occurs when all the I2 has reacted and the solution is colorless. Because the change from yellow to colorless is not very distinct, establishing the end point of this final color change is difficult. We can make the end point more distinct by adding a small amount of starch solution to the titration mixture when the solution turns pale yellow. The unreacted I2 combines with the starch, forming a bass blue obscure. The starch molecules tend to curl up into spirals and the hole formed is just the right size for the iodine molecules to fit in. sumitional S2O3-2 ion reacts with the complex I2, ca use a breakdown of the complex. Disappearance of the blue color signals the end point.10We can determine the concentration of OCl- ion in the solution. The moles of iodine in the solution are equal to moles of sodium hypochlorite. So then we can find out the concen tration of OCl-.I have used the iodometric titration for my investigation becauseIt is easy to carry it out in school laboratory conditions.Gas volume measurement often leads to more random errors in the measurements which ultimately feign the concentration calculations.Spectrophotometric methods are most reliable method but collectible to non availability of the instrument, I took the decision to stick to iodometric titration.2. METHODOLOGY2.1 Hypothesis more(prenominal) the sodium thiosulfate used to titrate the solution more effective is the bleach at removing the stains.The bleach which has high concentration of sodium hypochlorite is better at removing stains then the bleach with less concentration of sodium hypochlorite.Based on Indian mentality, the expensive the bleach the better is it at removing the stains.The expensive brand should be more cost effective.2.2 Selection of bleaches3 different chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite which are easily availabl e in Indian market. The first one is rin bleach which is thought to be the best bleach because it is expensive of all bleaches available in the market. It costs 40 Rs for calciferol ml. The second bleach which I have interpreted is robin which costs 33 Rs for 500ml, a great competitor to RIN. And the third bleach which I have taken is bleach from a local brand which costs only 15Rs for 500ml.2.3 examine 1Make a soya bean solution victimization 17 grams of soyabean and change state up to ascorbic acid cm3 mark. Put three drops of the solution on a piece of cloth and using a syringe the amount of bleach required to remove the stain should be noted down.2.4 Experiment 2As told earlier I will be using titration with sodium thiosulfate for calculating the concentration of sodium thiosulfate in the bleaches. The method involves two main steps.Step 1 Standardizing the solution of sodium thiosulfate solutionAs sodium thiosulfate is not a primary standard, so it was convertible using a known concentration of potassium iodate KIO3 and the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate was calculated.Approximately 8.000.01 grams of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 5H2O) was taken a 100 cm3 beaker and dissolved by adding small amount of double dis guttered water. It was stirred using a glass rod public treasury it was completely dissolved.Solution was take awayred to 250 cm3 of standard flask carefully using a funnel.Solution was made up to the mark and mixed well by tilting the flask three times.A solution of potassium iodate, KIO3 (0.2 Mole/dm3) was prepared by dissolving 10.70.01 grams of KIO3 in 100 cm3 beaker and dissolving it in minimum amount of water and making the solution in 250 cm3 standard flask.Further 25.00.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.00.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in standard measuring flask and solution was made 250 cm3 using sublimateled water. expression of 1 mol/dm3 of sulphuric acidTake 55cm3 of 98% pure sulphur ic acid in 100cm3 measuring flask.Now slowly pour this acid into 500cm3 of constantly stirred water in a beakerNow transfer this solution into 1dm3 cone-shaped flask and add water till the 1dm3 mark.Preparation of 10% potassium iodideTake 10grams of potassium iodideDissolve it in 100cm3 solutionPreparation of 2%starch indicatorTake 2grams of starchAdd little bit of cold water until a smooth feast is obtainedAdd 100cm3 of boiling water and stirHeat the solution until the solution is clear25.00.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.00.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in conical flask.10.000.05 cm3 of potassium iodide (10% w/v) is added to the flask using a measuring cylinder.To this solution 10 .000.05 cm3 of sulfuric acid (1 mol/dm3) is added to the flask using another measuring cylinder.Sodium thiosulfate is filled in 50.000.05 cm3 burette and added to the conical flask containing KIO3, KI and H2SO4solution till the solution in the conical flask moody p ale yellow.2 to 3 drops of starch solution (1% w/v) was added to the conical flask.The solution turned blue black.More sodium thiosulfate was added to the conical flask with constant swirling till the solution turned colorless.The final volume of thiosulfate solution added is put down trine concordant readings are taken to have consistency in the recorded dataStep 2 Titration of the different brands of bleaches using standardized solution of sodium thiosulfate. Thus calculating the concentration of sodium hypochlorite present in different brands of bleaches.ProcedureI have taken 25.00.06cm3 of Rin bleach using a pipette and pipette filler into 250cm3 graduated flask.To this water was added to make the solution up to 250cm3 mark.25.00.06cm3 of the solution poured with the help of pipette into a conical flask and the same procedure as given above was restate with RIN bleach followed by the other two bleaches, Robin and local brand.3. data collection and processing3.1 Finding out th e concentration of Sodium Thiosulfate standardization of sodium thiosulfateVolume of potassium iodate taken in conical flask = 25.00.06 cm3final burette reading / cm30.05cm320.1019.9020.00initial burette reading / cm30.05cm30.000.000.00volume of sodium thiosulfate used / cm30.1cm320.1019.9020.00Average volume of sodium thiosulfate used = 20.00 cm3Calculations25.0 cm3 of KIO3 solution required 20.00 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate.The ionic equation related to the titration isIO3-1 + 5I-1 + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2OThe I2 produced by the reaction between iodate ion and iodide ion is related stoichiometrically to thiosulfate ion as followsI2 + 2S2O32- S4O62- + 2I-1Moles of KIO3 (0.1 Mol/dm3) in diluted solution = 0.01 mol/dm3Moles of 0.01 mol/dm3 KIO3 in 25 cm3 of solution = 0.01 x 25 x 10-3= 0.25 x10-3Ratio of moles of KIO3 I21 5So moles of I2 in solution = 5 x 1 x 0.25 x10-3= 1.25 x10-3Ratio of moles of I2 S2O32-1 2Therefore moles of thiosulfate = 2 x 1 x 1.25 x10-3= 2.50 x 10-320.00 cm3 of th iosulfate solution has 2.50 x 10-3 molesTherefore the concentration of thiosulfate solution = 2.50 x 10-3 x 103/20.00= 0.125 mol/dm33.2 collectionT jimmy for the t- test between RIN and ROBIN is 36.83644This value is a lot higher than the cut off value (2.31. using degrees of freedom= n1-1 + n2-1 = 8) at a 5% significance level. This implies that there is lot lesser than .1% chance that the 2sets of readings belong to one population or the loss is just difference is insignificant.3.3 Calculation25.0 cm3 of diluted Rin brand bleach solution required 27.8 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate.Moles of sodium thiosulphate=Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq)Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate 2Moles of I2 = 0.00348 2Moles of I2 = 0.0017 moles1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine.Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq)The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm- 3, of the bleach RIN1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.0017 moles of chlorineTherefore the undiluted bleach solution of 25 cm3 would contain .017 moles slow-wittedness of iodine in 500 cm3 of RIN bleach solution isTherefore the concentration is 0.34mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach.Therefore the concentration is 0.68mol/dm3.25.0 cm3 of diluted Robin brand bleach solution required 23.53 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate.Moles of sodium thiosulphate=Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq)Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate 2Moles of I2 = 0.00294 2Moles of I2 = 0.00147 moles1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine.Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq)The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine25cm3 of dilute bleach solution contains 0.00147 moles of chlorineConcentr ation of iodine in 500 cm3 of Robin bleach solution isTherefore the concentration is 0.294 mol/500cm3 of Robin bleach.Therefore the concentration is 0.588mol/dm3.25.0 cm3 of diluted LOCAL brand bleach solution required 11.07 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate.Moles of sodium thiosulphate=Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq)Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate 2Moles of I2 = 2Moles of I2 = 0.00069 moles1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine.Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq)The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.00069 moles of chlorineConcentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of Local bleach solution isTherefore the concentration is 0.138mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach.Therefore the concentration is 0.276mol/dm3.3.4 analysis and interpretationCalculating the cost -effectivenessBRANDRINROBINLOCALConcentration of free chlorine (mol/dm3)0.680.5880.276Price of 500cm3 bleach in rupees403315Price of 1dm3 bleach (=price of 500cm3-2) in rupees806630Concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach (=concentration of free chlorine in 1dm3 bleach/price of 1 dm3 bleach)0.00850.00890.0092Matrix 1It can be seen from the experiment 1 higher amounts of bleach is used to remove the stain as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand. And as it can also be seen from the histogram above ( graph 1) that the free chlorine concentration decreases as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand it can be inferred that higher the concentration lesser is the amount of bleach required. How so ever the amount of free chlorine required is nearly the same4. Conclusion4.1 ResultsThe free chlorine concentration per rupee spent is maximum of local brand bleach. Therefore the local bleach is most cost-effective bleach. The local brand bleach over takes other brand ed bleaches like RIN and Robin which are very famous in Indian market. There is a very small difference between each of them when we calculate the concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent. But when we see the concentration of free chlorine in rin and robin they are quite higher then local brand. Local brand has very less moles of sodium hypochlorite per dm3 of the bleach. So the volume required to remove a stain by local brand bleach would be quite large then the volume required of rin or robin brand bleach. This can give a wrong impression that the other brands are better or more efficient at removing stain. But we know that it isnt so. Only if higher amounts of the local brands were used the same stain would take lesser money to be removed. This proves the Indian mentality.Resolved questionsIs the amount of sodium thiosulfate used proportional to the amount of free chlorine atoms-Yes very much. It can be inferred by comparing graph 1 (or matrix 1) and graph 2Does the concent ration of sodium hypochlorite affect the effectiveness of the bleach-Higher the concentration of sodium hypochlorite more is the effectiveness of the bleach. Inferred from graph 1 (or matrix 1) and table 1Checking the Indian mentality-It depends on the amount of bleach used. But it can easily be inferred that the local brand is a lot more cost efficientDeriving the cost effectiveness of different brands of bleachHypothesis 1 and 2 were confirmed to be true via experimentation while the other two hypotheses (namely 3 and 4) are proved to be wrong.EvaluationWeaknessesIt isnt very easy to note down the point of the end of the titration.Accuracy can tend to pose a problemThe distil water can have other salts presentImprovementsColorimetry should be used for knowing the end pointMore accurate burettes can be usedUltra pure water should be used rather than distilled water4.2 ExtensionThe other method should be used.A more number of brands should be used.Other active ingredients should be tried and true for. Biologically active organisms like bacterias should also be considered.The activity of the other active substances should be tested.5. BIBLOGRAPHYhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp//www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.htmlhttp//www.care2.com/grrenliving/chlorine-in-household-cleaners.htmlhttp//dhs.wi.gov/eh/ChemFS/fs/chlorine.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloriteField, Simon Q (2006). Ingredients Bleach. Science Toys. http//sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html. Retrieved 2006-03-02.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp//www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/estimation-of-the-concentration-of-household-bleach,253,EX.htmlJournal of pharmaceutic sciences, volume 59, issue 8, pages 1168, 1170www.cerlabs.com/experiments/10875404162.pdfOther Sources Referred pass on Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level May/June 2006 paperhttp//science.jrank.org/pages/6243/Sodium-Hypochlorite.htmlhttp//www.howstuffworks.com/question189.htmhttp//www.factsabout bleach.com/Handbook of detergents, Volume 5 By Uri Tsoler, Guy Broze. Pages 621-627

Planning International Pricing Decisions

Planning transnational Pricing DecisionsOutline and discuss the primary(prenominal) factors a commercialiseing staunch would catch to take into account when planning initiation(prenominal)ist set break offings. (50% of the uncommitted marks for this question)Introduction many a(prenominal) validations emphasize that determine is the roughly independent, variable star yet convenient element of selling mix. Pricing plays a primary(prenominal) berth in the international securities industrying and implementing effective marketing strategies. wrong is sensation of major part of marketing mix. This is mainly based on the fact that pricing changes appear rapid and immediate in the market. in addition many managers find pricing decisions very ch solely(prenominal)enging and often ticklish to make. This is in conjunction referable to the fact that most of the modern organizations intrust and know the importingance of the strategic role of pricing in international ma rketing.For many small companies operating in topical anesthetic markets, pricing decision atomic number 18 based on the relatively straight forward for allocating the sum up estimated personify of producing, managing and marketing a product or service surrounded by the fore cast total volume of sales, and adding an appropriate profit margin. such as fluctuation in sub rate, acceleration inflation in certain countries and the engagement of alternative payment methods such as leasing, exchange and counter- switch. For these apprehension, it is distinguished to know at the outset that development and implementation of pricing strategies in international market should follow the economize-time activity stages.Analyse the factors which allure international pricing, such as the comprise structures, the value the product, the market structure, antagonist pricing levels and a variety of environmental constraints.Confirming what impact the bodily strategies should admit on pricing policy.Evaluating the various strategic pricing weft and selection the most appropriate approach.Implementing the system through the spend of a variety of tactics and purpose to set the worths at small fear unit level.Managing prices and financing international transaction.The factors effecting international pricing include followingCorporate and marketing objectivesInsuranceFirm and product poisoning mathematical product range, life cycle, substitute, product differentiationMarketing product development visible(prenominal) picksInventoryShipping costPricing objectivesThe pricing decisions in oecumenical stop analyse and viewed by both ways pricing as an achievement of marketing objectives or pricing as a quick-frozen element in a melodic line decision. If the previous view is followed, the friendship uses price to achieve a specific objective. Pricing decision should be consistent with the marketing objectives of the firm in a situation market as swell as the boilers suit policy of the corporation. cost escalationPrice escalation is defined as changes in the price of specific goods or operate in a given preservation everywhere a occlusive of time. Excess profits do exist in any(prenominal) international markets, precisely generally unequal differences in price betwixt the export agricultural and importing nation. Shipping from i country to an separatewise(a) country the cost arises specifically, the term relates to situations where ultimate price be raised by shipping costs, insurance, packing, tax. The majority of this cost arise as a occupy go forth of moving goods across borders from one(a) to a nonher country and give to escalate the final price to a level signifi flush toilett exalted than topical anaesthetic market.CompetitionThe nature of market structure in particular is an important determinant of price. It refers to the number of competing firms, their size and relative position. In the event of an ol igopoly structure, the accounting entry firm would have little freedom to choose a price depending on the income levels, a certain market abide takes all a certain level of pricing . A partnership toilette also use competitors prices as a bourn for poisoning its product as compargon to competitors for example, if it wants to poison its product as being of higher fibre than its competitors. When a go with entering in to a market and using competitive prices, a troupe require to check on the cost structure of its competitors. Price is fairish one of the element of marketing mix and has thus to be matched with other element of it.Pricing mastersCompanies doing business in strange countries encounter a number of different causas of government price setting. To control prices, government whitethorn establish margin, set prices and floor or ceiling, restrict price changes, repugn in the market great subsidies or act as buying of monophony or selling monopoly. A company ente ring of entering a outside(prenominal) market with a penetration strategy with a lower priceTarget CustomerMarketers have to calculate and derive a particular portion or target customer assembly in the market that they be entering. Knowl distinctness of demand elasticity the price is vital, as is experience of how customer will react in the depicted object of price change. But with differentiated product, market sh ar of a company screw even be improved through higher prices. cross off names and image of high quality be twain of the factors that stipulate differentiated product that can be sold at the quality prices.ReferencesChris Philips, Isobel Dooley and robin redbreast Lowe, International marketing strategy, Pg 420,421Ghauri and Cateora, International marketing 2nd Edition, Pg 442 452 discourse the causes of and solutions for parallel imports and their effect on price. (50% of the available marks for this question)Introduction couple import is a non- imitation prod uct imported from a nonher country without the permission of the knowing property sustainer. Parallel imports are often referred to as color product, parallel imports develop when importers buy products from distri aloneion in one country and sell them in another distribution which are not part of the manufacturers regular distribution system. Parallel imports are legitimately produced goods imported legally into a country without the authorization of a takemark, copyright, or patent holder. This practice is lucrative when wide margins exist mingled with prices for the aforementioned(prenominal) product in different countries. For example the price of a Volkswagen car is in Germany showroom is 107.4 and in Spain that car price is 102.6 the same in France 103.9 and in UK 130.9. A variety of conditions can progress to the advantageous hazard for parallel imports in the market.Causes of Parallel imports in that location are several(prenominal) causes of parallel imports includ ingFluctuation in currencies valueRestricted import quotas gritty obligationPrice differentialsRestricted supplyThe possibility of parallel imports occurs when the price differences are greater than the cost of transportation between two markets. In Europe, because of different taxes and competitive price structures, price for the same product shift between countries. The variation in the value of international currencies between countries ofttimes leads to condition that make parallel imports profitable.Restriction brought nearly by import quotas and high tax can lead to parallel imports and make extrajudicial imports attractive.ExampleIndia has a three-tier duty structure on computer spare parts ranging from 40 to 70 percent on imports. As a result estimates are that as much as 30 percent of India domestic computer hardware sales are accounted for by grey market.Purpose salutaryy restricting the supply of a product in a market is another practice that causes abnormally high prices and thus makes a parallel market profitable. Such was the causes with Mercedes-Benz cars whose supply was particular in the fall in States. The grey market that involved in Mercedes cars was partially supplied by Americans reversive to the United States with cars they could sell for double the price they had paid in Germany feasible Solution of parallel imports is as followReduce the price differentials between marketMaterially alter the productEducate the dealer arouse the dealer agreementBuy back the grey market goodsThis is not strange for companies to find them self competing in one country with their own product imported from another country at lower prices. more or less probably such prices differentials will cease to exist once all restrictions to trade are eliminated in the Europe union and a full fiscal union is achieved. To prevent parallel markets from underdeveloped such marketing and pricing strategies are used, companies must maintain strong control system s. These control systems are difficult to maintain and there remains the doubt that some companies are less anxious with controlling grey markets than they claim.Price Changes due to parallel importsThe parallel imports have a negative effect on the original product. Sometimes grey market upset prices level and result from ineffective management and lack of control, observed evidence shows that the treats of parallel imports do decrease retail prices. In itself, these price effects are not enough to justify a free organization concerning of parallel trade..The possibility of parallel imports occurs whenever price differences are greater than the cost of transportation among two markets, and the price of product are higher in domestic than live countries.ExampleJapanese merchants have long maintained very high prices for consumer. As a result, prices for Japanese product sold in other country as lower price than they are in Japan. For example, Japanese can buy canon cameras from New York catalogue retailer and have them shipped to Japan for a price below that of the camera purchased in Japan. In addition to the higher prices for product at home, the rising value of up-to-dateness makes these price differential even wideReferencesMarketing across Cultures fifth Edition Jean-Claude Usunier and Julia Anne Lee Pg 297 198International marketing strategy by Chris Philips, Isobel Dooley and Robin Lowe chapter 11 page 436,437)Question 4.Distinguish and explain the differences between tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. What strategic options are open to marketing firms when attempting to deal with the problems of non-tariff barriers in economically demonstrable and modify countries? recognize at least one industrialised country to illustrate the points made..Introductiondutys have always play an important role in generating tax for the country. In most of the under developed countries, tariffs plays an important role in developing the economic policies of th e country. For political reasons, tariffs are use on imports, but sometimes they are also applied on exports. It is generally the easiest form of revenue generations.When a shipment comes on the border of the country, the custom officers analyze the products and charge tax on it on the basis of the formula. Since the goods cannot enter in the country without the written authorization of the tax authorities, thus it is very easy to collect the duty. flatadays the free trade organizations discourage the tariffs applied on the goods. World trade organization (WTO) has played an important role in persuading the countries in lessen the tariffs enforce. But present countries are more focaliseed on the non-tariff trade barriers. These barriers are oblige on countries which do not comply with the guidelines laid down by the world trade organization.Tariff barriers to tradeTariffs are the restrictions subvertd by the country on the imports and exports of goods and services. Tariffs have always been used as an cock to increase the revenue generation and also to nourish the local persistence from the foreign competition.thither are different types of tariffs which can be compeld by a country but the most common one are as follows.Ad valorem it is set on the basis of the part of the value of the products being imported in to the country. But sometimes it isnt that reclaimable because if the international price of the commodity decreases, than the tariff applied on it also strike downs.Specific tariff it is the specific mensuration of money that imposed on a product. thereof if the price of the product decreases than it does not affect the tariff. revenue enhancement tariff this cast of tariff is imposed specifically to generate revenue for the country. E.g. if a country does not grow coffee, than the government can impose a duty on the import of coffee beans to generate revenue. prohibitory tariff this kind of tariff is imposed to restrict the import of a sp ecific product. Usually the tax imposed is so high that it is roughly impossible for the companies to import or export the product.Protective tariff this kind of tariff is imposed to specifically protect the local industries from the foreign deflect. whole the governments use this option to facilitate the local industries from the foreign competition.Environmental tariff this kind of tariff is imposed on the imports and exports to the countries which have substandard environmental controls. These kind of tariffs are also known as eco-tariffs or green-tariff punitory tariff this kind of tariff is based upon revenge. E.g. if United States impose a tariff on Chinese imports than the mainland China will also impose a tariff on the imports from USA. Sometimes countries use this option to influence the tariffs imposed by other countries.Non-tariff trade barriersNon-tariff trade barriers are the types of barriers which are imposed by a country to restrict the imports but they are not li ke the usual tariff barriers. Some common examples of the Non-tariff barriers are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties.The use of non-tariff barriers have satisfyingly increased over the past few years because of the work done by World throw placement (WTO) to reduce the tariff barriers imposed by different countries. Some Non-trade barriers are permitted in limited circumstances, especially when it is required to protect health, safety, sanitation or natural resources. But generally it is criticized because it violates the free trade rules set by the Worlds Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU) and North American publish Trade Agreement (NAFTA).Examples of Non-tariff BarriersThe most common examples of non-tariff barriers are as follows. world(a)/product specific quotas.Products standardsBan on importsPackaging conditionsLabelling conditionsRules of origin extra trade certificates like Certificate of origin, Certificate of Authencity.Dealing with the Non- tariff barriersWe are accompaniment in a very competitive environment. for individually one(prenominal) the companies in the world are working hard to have a competitive edge over each other. Tariff and Non-tariff barriers play an important role in achieving the overall goal of the company in the foreign and domestic market. If a company wants to enter into a foreign market, it has to develop a strategy to enter into the market and makes profit. Governments use the Non-tariff barriers to facilitate the local industry from the foreign competition and also impose duty on their products to generate revenue.China has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world. For the last three decade, chinas economy has grown at approximately 10 percent per year. The main reason of chinas success is that it has dramatically penetrated into the foreign market while protecting its local industry. around of the western countries and independent think-tanks blame china for manipulating wi th its currency and use ratty labor to boom it exports. China has very strict barriers on imports. A company has to go through very strict procedure to invest into the local market.(http//www.iie.com/publications/papers/lardy0507.pdf).China has imposed a round of Non-trade barriers on the imports from the foreign countries. This has played an important role in developing the local industries. The Chinese government has athletic supportered the local industry to improve its cleverness by giving them financial and tax relief. The imports from China have drastically affected the American manufacturing industries. Although the imports from China has significantly increased in US but US exports isnt catching up at the same ratio. This has caused a huge trade deficit between the US and Chinese trade. Now USA has imposed anti dumping tariff on Chinese products.Recently the US international trade commission has ruled that the Chinese imports are hurting the American firms by selling the oil well pipes at a very low rate. Thus the Chinese mark pipe producers will face anti dumping tariffs of up to 99.14 %. This type of tariff barrier is called protectionist barrier. This kind of move can damage the blood between the countries. (http//www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.html).The request for protection imports have significantly increased during the 2009. Many countries are targeting Chinese producers/exporters and trying to limit the imports from China to help their local industries to grow.(http//www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.html)ConclusionTo conclude we can say that non-tariff barriers play an important role in the revenue generation of the country. Most of the countries use tariff and Non-tariff barriers to protect their local industries and also to generate revenue. The most common type of Non-tariff trade barrier is protectionist barrier. Governments use this option to protect their l ocal industries from the foreign competition.Tariff has been used by countries to generate revenue but sometimes it can also be used for political gain. Some countries can use these tariffs to unfairly restrict the imports from certain countries for personal reasons. Thus World Trade Organization played an important role in persuading the member nations to reduce the tariffs.This move has not only encouraged the trade between the countries but also helped in increasing the friendly relationship.Referencehttp//www.bea.org.mk/Upload/ kernel/Documents/Report%202007%20NON-TARIFF%20BARRIERS.pdfhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp//www.e-to-china.com/tariff_changes/data_tariff_changes/2010/0505/78017.htmlhttp//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL31403.pdfhttp//www.card.iastate.edu/publications/DBS/PDFFiles/06wp438.pdfQuestion 5.Q5 under what circumstances readiness an international marketing firm consider using articulation pretends to mould business opportunities within a big emerging market (BEM)? Choose a particular product or service industry and a specific BEM as a vehicle for discussion.IntroductionInternational trading trading operations have become one of the most integral part of a businesses and all the organizations adopt different strategies to penetrate into the foreign market. The success of an organization depends upon how well it has understood the market situation and modified its strategy accordingly. All the foreign markets have a unique risk and opportunities. Thus the companys main goal is to minimize the risk and explore the opportunities to attain the overall goals and objectives of the company. Thus the most commonly used strategy to enter into a foreign market is knock Venture.A marijuana cigarette endanger is an arrangement where two or more firms join forces for manufacturing, financial and marketing purposes and each has a appropriate in both the equity and the management of the businessThere are many ways to approach a business opportu nity in the market but Joint make is considered to be the most appropriate and less risky. However one needs to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of joystick venturing before entering into the relationship.When a company enters into a market, they make a series of contractual relationship with the local business by any licensing or distribution agreement. The main returns is the parent company has limited integration with the local companies. They only pay them a limited amount of money but do not share profit. However if the company wants a more dynamic relationship, than it can form equity common venture, so that both can work together to increase the favourableness of the company, and also share the profit and loss together. gains and Disadvantages of Joint VentureThere are many advantages and disadvantages of having a joint venture. On one hand, it enables a company to outsource it operations to other companies to reduce its overall cost, but its also very risky. The main risk is the ability and willingness of the other company to follow the guidelines and procedure laid down by the company.Capital exigencyAdvantageOne of the most important advantages of having a joint venture is that the financial resources can be shared. E.g. A Company may be interesting in opening a business that requires a significant amount of money. Although it might have the required labor and technical resource but it doesnt have the financial capacity to fund the pop the question. This kind of project is a good candidate for a joint venture. To start this project, the company can look for other companies which can share the financial cost to start the project.DisadvantageThe most obvious disadvantage of having a joint venture is that the companies have to share their profits generated from the operations. A lot of issues can arise from this aspect because both the companies are not only share-out financial resources but they also share some technical know-how and int ellectual property rights. These types of resources are difficult to value thus it can create some misunderstandings between the companies.Reduction of business riskAdvantageA joint venture allows the investor to diversify its risk. The most important way of reducing the risks faced by the investor in the market is to diversify its portfolio by spend in different markets.Another advantage of joint venture is that when a company collaborates with a local firm than it can acquire from its local knowledge. The main risk that a company can face in the foreign market is the little knowledge of local needs.Economies of scaleAdvantageOne of the most significant advantages of joint venture is achieving economies of scale for both companies. E.g. if the manufacturer gives the contract of sales and distribution to its local partner, it can focus mainly on bringing the product to its local partner. With proper planning, joint ventures can effectively reduce the cost associated with the produ ct from the fruit to the end user.Control over Functional activitiesAdvantageIn joint ventures, the companies can also have a more dynamic relationship with each other by giving direct access to each others processes. E.g. a company can reduce its manufacturing cost by giving the production contract to the local company, but instead it can also explore a way to have some control on the manufacturing and production process of the local partner. Thus the foreign company can benefit from the local companies knowledge about the market and they can also share their business practices to strengthen their relationship.Sharing applied science and management skillsAdvantageIn joint venture, both the companies can share their expertise to improve the overall efficiency of the business. The main advantage of having a joint venture is that the foreign company can learn from the experience of its local partner about the local market. And the local partner can also take benefit from the forei gn company to improve its technical and managerial skills. Both companies can share important information regarding their businesses to strengthen their relationship.DisadvantageAlthough sharing technology between the businesses can be a good idea, but sometimes the practices learnt from joint ventures can be used beyond Joint venture in other business. This is the main factor that discourages the companies to form joint ventures.Joint venture in Big emerging marketInternational operations are one of the most important part of business strategies of the company. As the world has become a global village, the companies are faced with an burning competition and thus companies are continuously in search of exploring new-fashioned market opportunities.Joint ventures have become an integral part of the businesses. Most of the big brands in the industry had joint ventures in past with other companies which helped them to increase the gainfulness.China is one of the largest economies in the world. Its products are exported all over the world. It has enjoyed approximately 10 percent growth rate for the 3 decades. It is one of the biggest exporters to United States. Chinas market is considered to be the best emerging market in the world and most of the big names have already entered into the market. These companies have effectively used the local companies and utilized their knowledge to increase the profitability of the companies. General Motors, Toyota, Motorola, IBM etc have affectively used joint venturing to reduce their production cost and increase the profitability of the companies.Chinese has significantly gained a huge market share in the telecom industry. Mobile phone giants like Apple, Motorola, Siemens, and Sony Ericson all operate in China. They assemble their products in China to enjoy cheap labour and manufacturing cost.ConclusionTo conclude we can say that joint venture is one of the most important tools used by the companies to improve the productive ness and profitability. It helps the foreign companies to enter in to a foreign market with the help of the local knowledge. Thus both the companies can use utilize each others resources to increase the productivity. In this way, the local companies can learn from the international business practices and managerial skills of the foreign company and the foreign companies benefit from the local knowledge of the local company. Although there might be some complications involved in joint venturing but if both companies work together, they can easily chastise any challenge.

John Fords The Searchers Essay -- Film Movies

tail end fords The Searchers A critical theory by robin woods posits that the filmic genres popularized by the Hollywood system atomic number 18 not discrete, but jibe different strategies for dealing with the same ideological tensions. (478) Wood claims that conventional theories last to address this ideological phenomenon, and proposes a search for the myths and contradictions, produced by American capitalism, which kindle disparate filmic genres. Woods attempt to discuss this ideology lists the components of a definition of American capitalist ideology. (476) One component is the character of the idealistic male, the male hero of the American way. (477) As the films produced out of capitalism tend to extend the systems ideology, the hero produced by the film tends to represent the value of this ideology. Thus, through its hero, the real Western naturalizes and justifies the taming of the land and the consequent subjugation of its sexy native throng in order to buil d civilization. (476) However, genre films are only male because of the potentially subversive intervention of a all the way defined esthetical personality in an ideological-generic structure. (479) In The Searchers, John Ford manipulates the traditional consanguinity between hero, text, and ideology to challenge the dominant set of American familiarity. The watchman initially identifies with the conventional character of Ethan Edwards, but is step by step forced to abjure this hero and his values, and to regard Martin Pawley, a representative of more liberal beliefs, as the new-order ideal male. Martin is both an indicator of how the audience should oppose to Ethans extremist tendencies, and an selection to them. Through the rejection of Ethan, in fav... ..., even as a victim of the mental reach of the expansionist credo. Clearly, revealing the damage through with(p) by the capitalist ideology, whether individual or social, in the frontier society of 1868, or in the s eparate but equal context of 1956, was important to the director. Fortunately, Woods theory, examining the new nub created by the juxtaposition of the thesis of a pre-existent text with the antithetic views of the auteur, reaffirms Fords success, and the potence of the genre film. Works Cited Warshow, Robert. Movie Chronicle The Westerner. fritter away Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. in the altogether York Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) Wood, Robin. Ideology, Genre, Auteur. Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) John Fords The Searchers shew -- Film MoviesJohn Fords The Searchers A critical theory by Robin Wood posits that the filmic genres popularized by the Hollywood system are not discrete, but represent different strategies for dealing with the same ideological tensions. (478) Wood claims that conventional theories fail to address this ideological phenomenon, and proposes a search for the myths and contradictions, produced by American capitalism, which fuel disparate filmic genres. Woods attempt to discuss this ideology lists the components of a definition of American capitalist ideology. (476) One component is the character of the ideal male, the potent hero of the American way. (477) As the films produced out of capitalism tend to uphold the systems ideology, the hero produced by the film tends to represent the values of this ideology. Thus, through its hero, the classic Western naturalizes and justifies the taming of the land and the consequent subjugation of its libidinous native people in order to build civilization. (476) However, genre films are only potent because of the potentially subversive intervention of a clearly defined artistic personality in an ideological-generic structure. (479) In The Searchers, John Ford manipulates the traditional relationship between hero, text, and ideology to challenge the dominant values of American society. The viewer initially identifies with the conventional character of Ethan Edwards, but is gradually forced to reject this hero and his values, and to regard Martin Pawley, a representative of more liberal beliefs, as the new-order ideal male. Martin is both an indicator of how the audience should react to Ethans extremist tendencies, and an alternative to them. Through the rejection of Ethan, in fav... ..., even as a victim of the psychological reach of the expansionist credo. Clearly, revealing the damage done by the capitalist ideology, whether individual or social, in the frontier society of 1868, or in the separate but equal context of 1956, was important to the director. Fortunately, Woods theory, examining the new meaning created by the juxtaposition of the thesis of a preexistent text with the antithetical views of the auteur, reaffirms Fords success, and the potence of the genre film. Works Cited Warshow, Robert. Movie Ch ronicle The Westerner. Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466) Wood, Robin. Ideology, Genre, Auteur. Film Theory and Criticism. Ed. Braudy, Leo, Marshall Cohen and Gerald Mast. New York Oxford University Press, 1992. (453-466)

The Empty pillow :: essays research papers

Using the theory of reason action-Fishbein and applying it on a 5 min. scope of the movie by Alo humankindiQ8 THE EMPTY PILLOW This is a sleep to thrumher paper that its events occur, in Egypt, in the fifties, where there were strict traditions about love between non married lovers, and where the word of the pargonnts rules the lives of their sons and daughters. In that movie, a young man (salah) who is still a student falls in love with a beautiful girl (Sameha), whom she is also an eighteen years old student, they are both college students, that get guarded by their families. The scene begins, when Salah asks his stimulate that he wants to be married, but his father laughs, and asks him if he is able to support himself or her. Salahs father suggested that he should wait until he graduates and gets a job, so he could marry her. Salah refuses, reflection that she would get married to someone else, and her parents will non wait for me until I graduate. alas a doctor proposes to her and asks her hand to be his wife. Samehas father and breed agree instantly, without giving Sameha any notice, only have in minding of the position and the how they would warrantee a wonderful future for their daughter with this doctor, adding that he is a precise nice man and have great reputation. Sameha says that she is young to be married, and disagree. Samehas father says no doughtier of mine argues with me in such matters, you will do as I say Consequently, Sameha stop arguing. And shows yielding. She think about the hard time choosing between the two, the one she loves or the beauteous rich physician, which her parents ergs her to marry. In order to prevent the marriage, Salah meets her in the retire from where they used to meet. He starts convincing her to run a personal manner with him. Sameha refuses, saying that her parents might have a heart attack, then she will not forgive herself. Salah remembers, what one of his friends suggested to him, and that he sho uld rape her, and in this way she would be his according to the traditions. Consequently he tries to do so. She cries and begs him to let her go. save he refuses, until he notices the ring that she is still wearing, which he brought to her as a token of their love.

The Obvious is Absent in Mother Courage Essay -- Mother Courage Essays

The Obvious is off in Mother Courage Brechts intentions when writing Mother Courage were to progress his beliefs and come people aware of two major issues facing party war and capitalism. According to Brecht, people deserve the wars they get if they subscribe to a political system that is unfair and favors a specific sector of society, viz. capitalism, in which it is up to the individual to secure his own means of survival. In other words, if the system is unjust in any way, war and negate is inevitable. For this to be understood, it would be essential that the hearing see the knead for what it is, as opposed to becoming engaged in its story. This means that they would pitch to be alienated from the play, and made perpetually aware of it as a play and nothing more. To do this, Brecht jolted sense of hearings out of their expectations and deliberately avoided theatrical techniques that would make appearances realistic. In this way, people were forced to confront the issues at hand and describe the meanings behind what they were being shown. The obvious being referred to by Brecht is what is clearly seen, what atomic number 53 endnot miss. It does not require reflection and arouses no thought. By alienating the audience in this play, they see that nothing is happening at an obvious level, and can gain true understanding of the characters reasons for behaving as they do, and of the background against which they exist. Brecht incorporated estrangement techniques in the methods of staging used in performances of Mother Courage, firstly by keeping a very bright white light expert evenly upon the set throughout. This eliminated any opportunities for creating an atmosphere any magical or romantic views of ... ...rinciples Brecht believed in unless man has food and shelter, he does not have freedom. This tenet is what Brecht asserts in Mother Courage, and whose understanding can only be gained when audiences realise that the obvio us is an irrelevance, that this play should be seen not as a tale but as a presenting of issues. By using the aspects of character, song, structure, style, inevitability, and staging, Brecht ensures that the audience remains alienated, and that their expectations are not met. Works Cited and Consulted Brecht, Bertolt. Mother Courage and Her Children. Worthen 727-751. Cook, Ellen Piel, ed. Women, Relationships, and Power. Virginia American Counseling Association, 1993. Hwang, Henry David. M. Butterfly. Worthen 1062-1084. Worthen, W.B. ed. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. 3rd ed. Toronto Harcourt, 1993.

Writing a Personal Narrative :: Personal Reflection

A yarn is a story. In writing a narrative essay, you partake in with the endorser some personal experience of your own in methodicalness to make a point or convey a message. You whitethorn choose to tell how your grandfather influenced your desire to become an orthodontist, or maybe youll relate the story of the while you didnt make the cut for the basketball team. Whatever story you tell, your purpose is to sh be with others some experience that has taught you something or changed you somehow.Remember that narration is more than just description. Your essay should be descriptive, plainly it should alike emphasize the significance of a particular event, object, or person. in that location are several comp 1nts of an readyive narrative. The following are some things to aliveness in mind when writing your essayFocus Narrative effect is the main point of your storythe moral, the message, the insight you offer. Without a specific narrative effect, your essay is merely a series of unconnected events. If you are shy(p) what your main point is, you might ask yourself, Why am I telling this story? Why should someone else be interested in reading about my experience? In addition, you must decide whether to break-dance your point explicitly (stated directly) or implicitly (suggested but not stated). cultureDetails add depth and color to your narrative. If your essay consists merely of prohibitionist facts, readers quickly grow uninterested. You can describe things through the methods of diorama and summary. In the scene method, use very detailed, evocative description to immerse the reader in the situation or place you describe. Your goal is to make the scene come alive for the reader. Usually narratives are based on one or two key scenes. Reserve in-depth detail for these key scenes, and scarf out in the rest of the story using the method of summary (giving a brief synopsis of events).Organization and CoherenceThe narrative consists of three elemental p arts The orientation, at the beginning of the essay, establishes thesetting, characters, and other essential elements of the story. The complication involves raise conflictthat leads up to the climax (the point of highest action in the story). Then, in the resolution, the conflict isresolved and the narrative effect is revealed or suggested.Your narrative also needs a time structure. You must decide whether chronological time or psychologicaltime best suits your story. In chronological time, events are described in the order in which they

Violence In The Media :: essays research papers

Violence in the Media     In my essay I will be examining the controversy of frenzy levels in the media. Although there atomic number 18 many passel who express the opinion that there is way likewise much strength in television for example, there argon merely as many who feel differently. Without viewer statistics, television would non be what it is. The viewers choose what they want to watch and that is taken into consideration. The more people tune into high violence-filled platforms, the higher the ratings for violence become. Surely that cannot be pinned upon the specifys producers. Television prides itself in giving America what it wants, and America wants violence.      just about the year 1923, the Federal Radio Commission was formed. They were in charge of regularization what could and could not be aired over the radio. When television came along, the name of the geological formation was changed to the Federal Communication s Commission (FCC). They set the standards of television viewing and as well provide options for those who disagree. Last year, the FCC adopted rules requiring all television sets with screens 13 inches or larger to be equipped with features to block the display of television computer programing based upon its rating. This technology is known as the "V-Chip." The V-Chip reads information encoded in the rated program and blocks programs from the set based upon the rating selected by the parent. Thus, the FCC allows violence but similarly provides an alternative for parents who think their child is exposed to too much violence (whatever that threshold may be, as it is determined by the parent, whereas the V-Chip is programmed by the parents.)     though I do not watch much TV, I am aware of the rising display of violent content on TV. Whether it is through and through prime time sitcoms or cartoon channels, one can not deny that there is more violence. C artoon violence used to be very fictional and easy to distinguish as the opposite of reality. today however, in gruesome, explicit, and too often unrealistic portrayals of death and violence, the flexible minds of children are being not being torn by the moral issues of violence and anger, but the line between reality and fiction has become intemperately blurred. Death is seen as temporary in most cases, such as cartoons where the character killed comes back week after week only to be killed.     But thats what America wants Our thresholds of violence are becoming more and more expanded as we see something, get over the sign shock it may have and crave more.

Summary of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Free Essay Writer

Summary of Romeo and Juliet mount 1 phone number 1Scene one opens with a fight on the streets of Verona between servants from the Montague and Capulet households. While attempting to stop the fight, Benvolio is drawn in by Tybalt. The heads of twain houses (Montague and Capulet) arrive on the scene. Prince Escalus arrives and stops the fight, forbidding any further brawls. Montague and his married woman discuss Romeos strange behavior with Benvolio and ask him why he is take oning that way. They find Romeo and have Benvolio talk to him. Benvolio advises him to forget Rosaline, but Romeo refuses. Scene 2 Act 1genus Paris asked Capulet if it would be all secure if he could marry Juliet. Capulet is not sure because Juliet is so young, however he ends up agreeing with Paris. Capulet invites Paris to the spread head. He sends off the guest list with a servant, that cant read the names. He meets Romeo and Benvolio and asks them for help. Romeo noticed that the list had Rosaline on it, so he dared to go to the feast to meet with her. Benvolio again suggests to Romeo that he should forget Rosaline, he again refuses. Scene 3 Act 1Lady Capulet talks to Juliet about marriage accordingly tells her about Paris proposal. When lady Capulet tells Juliet that Paris will be at the feast, Juliet doesnt act too excited. Nurse responds for Juliet with something that Lady Capulet wanted to hear. Scene 4 Act 1Romeo, Benvolio, Mercutio, and other members of the Montague house go to the Capulet feast. They are all wearing masks to hide their identity. They talk it over and decide to stay for one dance. Because Romeo is hitherto in love with Rosaline, Mercutio teases him about being a hopeless lover. Mercutio then starts a long tale about how fairies deliver dreams to humans as they sleep. Scene 5 Act 1Romeo, Mercutio, Benvolio, and the servants arrive at the feast in masks. Capulet is there at the door to greet them. Capulet talks to his cousin about how long ago it was when t hey took part in a masque. Romeo sees Julies and fall in love with her immediately. Tybalt recognizes Romeos voice and is ready to fight. Capulet stops Tybalt and tells him to sack Romeo for now and try to keep the peace. Romeo and Juliet keep talking and end up kissing, Nurse runs in the middle of them and tells Juliet to go find her mother immediately.

The Natural Feminine in Romanticism: A Commentary Essay -- Gender F

After Bethany and Sarahs presentation, Nature as Woman, I was interested and confused - as were they, I think - by the multiplicity of contradicting views of nature as it relates to gender. According to dominant views on Romanticism, admittance to nature required a distinctly womanly perspective. Paradoxically, this feminine perspective, entitle ycleped sensibility was to be taken utilized most effectively by men, except it rested on feminine emotion as a more pure solution to nature (Fay 5). According to G.J. Barker-Benfields The Culture of Sensibility the sentimentalizing process involved the gravity of a certain manliness that is uncouth and savage (288) unless moderated by a feminine influence, thus woman was to use the so-called natural gifts of her sex to fetch elaboration to her more robust and virile counterpart. On first glance, this moderation of manly characteristics appears to lend legitimacy to feminine ideals however, this app atomic number 18nt liberation of the feminine illuminates two very respectable problems. First, as Barker-Benfield points out, feminine ideals are privileged, simply only as they serve to improve upon man woman is not idealised in her own right. In this service of a masculine purpose woman was to be fashioned by men rather than by herself (288). Second, the seemingly legitimisation of feminine ideals can appear modernized but, as a result, ultimately serves to authenticate an idea of natural femininity that is, in the opinion of many a feminist, a repressive patriarchal well-disposed construct that lacks any real biological referent. Thus it is very fitting, - but not the least bit subtle - that this artificial idea of femininity should be directly applied to Nature herself. If, as Betha... ...constantly striving and weakness to solidify and naturalize its gender assumptions. In the end, gender and patriarchy itself are proven unstable and fundamentally paranoid. Works Cited Bethany and Sarah. Nature Being eq ual as Woman. Romantic Travellers. 10 Feb. 2005. David S. Miall. 18 Feb. 2005. http//www.ualberta.ca/dmiall/Travel/index.htm Fay, Elizabeth A. A womens rightist Introduction to Romanticism. Malden Blackwell, 1998. Privett, Anne. Appropriating Nature Gilpin, the picturesque and Landscape Gardenting. Appropriating Nature A notification for English 409. 10 Feb. 2005. Khaghan Parker, Anne Privett and Luke Ingberg. 18 Feb, 2005 2006. http//members.shaw.ca/weaters/index.htm Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure in memorial Cinema. Literary Theory An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden and Oxford Blackwell, 1998.