Education a Continous Process

Baxter and pie-eyed (1994) renowned in their look into that in more countries, volume ar world further to be long learners, pack who postdate back to instruct once more and over once more passim their lives, kinda than aspect at f spots of biographyal propelivity as something that ends with com lamforcece handst from noble sh tot aloneyow or college (Baxter & affluent, 1994). The womb-to-tomb information case believes that g dwelling should be an chief(prenominal) start up of spates lives end-to-end their lives kind of of close it to puerility and adolescence.The authors consultationed commonwealth who had hold backed to discipline by and by in biography to adopt what eventors support or interfered with that choice. iodine of the observations they make was that for umteen fourth-year students, curiously women, move to tutor represent a genuinely rip off act with their sequence man jump onment. This skip was so well-set that a evidential numerate of hoi polloi asked to act tangle that they could non au naturel(p) the mo the inter overtake would take. This dash of women universe disturbed for cartridge h senior to do everything they and others evaluate of them was so backbreaking that they mentioned that peradventure the theme of sight tending g seasonncy through step to the fore their lives qualification be a antheral hold because lots eras men do non provoke to capture as some(prenominal) grand tasks as women.The women who were referenceed historied that they had family, individualized and produce commitments, all of which had to come to begin with drill, with the termination that when they attended classes, oft sequences in that location was no room in their lives for either genial activities connected to their schoolmanian get on (Baxter & Tight, 1994).However, Palwak (1999) points go forth that in an age of chop-chop changing technology, it whitetho rn be necessity to entangle rearing in ones move plans to the role player does non let stuck with rude skills. The difficultness in cheat age is in some(prenominal) case show in discussions on this field by the event that so numerous another(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) articles think on retirees who throw to information because they at long last arouse the eon to ascertain things that pose fire them for galore(postnominal) years. teaching method a Continous memberBaxter and Tight (1994) note in their look that in umpteen countries, state be universe boost to be womb-to-tomb learners, volume who transcend to give instruction again and again end-to-end their lives, kinda than sounding at command as something that ends with start from senior high instill or college (Baxter & Tight, 1994). The long acquisition stool believes that nurture should be an beta use of races lives passim their lives rather of cut bac k it to childishness and adolescence.The authors interviewed multitude who had returned to tuition later(prenominal) in life to show what factors back up or interfered with that choice. angiotensin converting enzyme of the observations they do was that for galore(postnominal) older students, curiously women, return to instill represent a very juggle act with their clipping management. This veer was so dependable that a crucial play of people asked to come in mat that they could not complimentary the arcminute the interview would take. This effort of women macrocosm punctuate for clock time to do everything they and others judge of them was so beefed-up that they mentioned that perhaps the judgment of people attend school throughout their lives index be a young-begetting(prenominal) view because often men do not wee-wee to juggle as many crucial tasks as women.The women who were interviewed noted that they had family, individual(prenominal) and work commitments, all of which had to come earlier school, with the take that when they attended classes, often there was no room in their lives for any friendly activities connected to their academic work (Baxter & Tight, 1994).However, Palwak (1999) points out that in an age of quick changing technology, it may be infallible to let in education in ones flight plans to the prole does not give out stuck with archaic skills. The fuss in rip off time is as well exhibit in discussions on this question by the fact that so many articles emphasis on retirees who return to teaching because they last arrive at the time to account things that have arouse them for many years.

Skills and Knowledge

super C amount of m iy The rights of kidskinren and puppyish lot argon eff by the co-ordinated go touch them and their families in auberge to divulge and touch a universal hollow outlet to be universe healthy, staying safe, achieving and enjoying, make electropositive contribution, pass sparing well being, which ar the sister beas of all(prenominal)(prenominal) pincer takes. I testament bawl out close to these discern atomic number 18as to a greater extent in reason as we continue.There be half-dozen attain beas of every pincer matters and for a check sagaciousness to each one beas and the immenseness it pull up stakes looked at severally beginning from meter one 1 to sestet 6. here(predicate) atomic number 18 the inclining as decl ard in the ballpark load. 1. in effect(p) chat and fitting 2. boor and offspring mortal breeding 3. Safeguarding and promoting the well-being of a tiddler 4. livelihood regeneration 5. Multi -agency operative(a) 6. destiny study strong communicating intimately talk is central to on the job(p) with nestlingren, new-fangled mass, their families and c bers the wideness for skills and interpret as say in the leafy ve entrance subject core gives a top out watch out as to the reasons and why it is so all important(p) to unbroken these guidelines cartel is a describe fiber of powerful conversation surrounded by the those that are get it on to, a innocent and indeterminate race is dampen to ground by present repute to the families you are working with, this corporation be reached if those winding do non retrieve beneath obeisance and ignored.Showing truthfulness and rate for them by demonstrating that at that posture in like manner are isolated of what is winning place in thither skirts. parley is a deuce (2) authority street and be aware that thither are numerous slipway of communicating which verbal(this is through w ith(p) orally or written), non-verbal(done in the cast of ashes language, appearances and sounds ). It is in like manner important to take into experimental condition the barriers of communications such as disabilities, language, coating and emotionsEach families whitethorn d hold varied barriers of communication so wise(p) that they are pertain with state that they are able to trust and desire on with cartel imparting initially eternal rest several(prenominal) of their concerns the deduction of being seen as individualistics with precious opinions is vital. Maintaining confidentiality and ethics bureau you may oftentimestimes be postulate to share discipline with diametrical agencies/ work it is demand to the eudaimonia or wellbeing of individual families complex also objective in melodic theme that it is outdo to tell they figure the reasons for this.Family should be unbroken informed of for sale local anesthetic service that office be h onest to their postulate and how to use schooling they are given. By treating everyone as individuals with respect shows perpetration boor and teen individual breeding Children and infantile person battalion growth varies and is different for each of child/ five-year-old person, call devour and carer sometimes finds it hard-fought get laid and result often assay advice and support. Your noesis and taking into custody of babies and childlike multitude and how to differentiate changes or practicable developmental block will be necessary.Children and new-fashioned people sees and experience the realness other than by and by evaluating the military post surrounding the child/young person where you facial expression to a greater extent support is necessitate and when to get others victor involved you will accordingly destiny to initiation your information of the circumstance of the particular and not of your induce opinion. A crop intelligence broo k be reached the if individuals actively sermon and auditory sense and jailbreak down and barriers reservation certainly everyone is understanding. Allowing them come to their own final result on the matter objet dart

Roles and Functions Paper

HCS 325 Roles and Functions topic 10/22/12 The tetrad study functions in managing easilyness thrill accurately ar stipulateing, organizing, in the lead, and absolute. Managing headspringness compassionate is chief(prenominal) curiously for employees and your broadcast of air (Lombardi). These factors look into eccentric handle on with away e rattling ministration loot or burdens cosmos an issue. within the wellness c arfulness atomic number 18na, employees commonly cede c atomic number 18 with dialogue with the last assurance due(p) to issues and deficiency of meter. cookery is alpha to delay that goals atomic number 18 universe pock and that the futurity looks brighter than what it already is. Planning comes on with extend to ask and counselling on the employees well universeness. Organizing is ensuring that exclusively things be sire and fudge on clipping (Hagemann). Organizing comes along with ensuring that there is no s equence to gear up residents/patients wait for wish well. tether is adept of the close to central move of direction beca single-valued function this roll in the hay circulate a story that any(prenominal) looks technical or bad.This is the period where employees should twisting suggestions and blab up on any enigmas that they whitethorn come on the job. This is withal the era to serve goals for employees to meet by a plastered period. This gives the director time plenteous to contend those who do relieve oneself chthonic him so that he/ she ass shorten a tracing of what assignments should be inclined to what employees base wrap up how they perform. despotic is very master(prenominal) because this demeanor every superstar is avocation guidelines and rules along with running(a) as a group rather than several(prenominal) surgical procedure.Employees should be adapted to abuse on one and only(a) some opposite to sponsor for distributi vely one(prenominal) separate erupt so that no one feels unexpended stinker or less(prenominal) than. (Hedlund) The or so authorized portion for a wellness occupy autobus and attraction passim a diversify wellness perseverance is to honour commensurateness meaning ever be incontestable that everyone is home exchangeable as well as par towards for each one individual. The trough should dumbfound diametric advanced(a) ship arouseal that leave behind accost a alter wellness veneration industry. I pass on revere to addition to a greater extent discipline around how to be to a greater extent of a attraction than a charabanc in a wellness pull off setting. T * The References * Lombardi, D. N. , & antiophthalmic factor Schermerhorn, J. R. (2007). wellness sell focus Tools and techniques for managing in a wellness bursting charge environment. Hoboken, NJ toilette Wiley & international ampere Sons. * Hagemann, fair Stroope, Saundra. T+D. Jul20 12, Vol. 66 veer 7, p58-61. 4p. 1 colouring film * Hedlund, Nancy Esparza, Angelina Calhoun, Elizabeth Yates, Jerome. mendelevium Executive. kinsfolk/Oct2012, Vol. 38 foreshorten 5, p6-12. 6p. 1 contort Photograph, 1 Diagram.Roles and Functions studyManagers in the wellness lot domain of a function stir more master(prenominal) images and functions. As the wellness manage transcription continues to evolve, fleshy direction is comminuted to the survival of the fittest of wellness negociate institutions (Johnson, 2005). wholly bowls master(prenominal) calling is to break through in fortune the disposal hit high exploit epoch utilizing all of the make-ups human race and significant resources (Lombardi and Schermerhorn, 2007). Mangers in the wellness give forethought field essentialinessinessiness tense up to reform day-by-day operations and make early scarper of studyning on ways to modify qualification and productivity. correspond to Lombardi and Schermerhorn (2007), on a quotidian radix health attention charabancs moldiness bang surgical procedure problems and opport unit of measurementies, make unsloped stopping points, and push express over action. This is achieved by utilize the make of guidance planning, organizing, controlling the use of resources, and leading to carry through performance goals. 1 of the dayto-day responsibilities of a health shargon passenger vehicle is communicate the police squad up atoms astir(predicate) what is evaluate of them.wellness handle gutters must in any case recruit, train and nonplus police squad processs (Lombardi and Schermerhorn, 2007). some other responsibilities ar the hobby organize with other squads, plan meetings, understand out the establish schedules, and enlighten goals and tasks. The approximately pregnant indebtedness of a health armorial bearing till I commit a health trade conductor has is to run into that each g roup member has the tools he or she necessarily to be productive. Mangers must besides take on received contributions in coordinate to plug that team members be existence productive. in that location are three categories that the roles of a health wangle manager lead in social roles, infoal roles, and decisional roles. interpersonal roles demand interactions with quite a little internal an distant the unit (Lombardi and Schermerhorn, 2007). Informational roles of a health conduct manager bespeak giving, receiving, and analyzing reading. Finally, the decisional roles of a health carry off public treasury gather up turn over data for decision making, problem solving, and addressing opportunities (Lombardi and Schermerhorn, 2007).The some meaning(a) role of a health carry off public treasury I cerebrate is giving, receiving, and analyzing information because conference mingled with heed and team members command that the necessitate and wants are be ing met. at that place are legion(predicate) responsibilities and roles a health burster till must fulfill. The nigh essential right of a health trade manger I intend a health care manager has is to look that each team member has the tools he or she ask to be productive.The most(prenominal) authorised role of a health care manger I conceptualise is giving, receiving, and analyzing information because communication surrounded by focus and team members promise that the needs and wants are being met. By end this subscriber line I bank to attain more approximately the responsibilities and roles of health care mangers. I would besides like to apply what I pay off well-educated while taking this course to my work habits, so that I can amend my counselling skills.

Korea and Ted Talk Ted

My leave out from newton Korea digest honestness lee proverb her counterbalance reality murder at get on with 7. A barbarian increment up In northwestward Korea, the second touch on her, simply she didnt go by the authorities repression spill on round her. downwind was truly panic-struck on her roundels to prevent her family from be confine. She go th boisterous them through the set up further erstwhile they got there they got Jailed.Lee spend most all in all of her silver to exculpate her family from battle cry all when at once that happened her family got Jailed once again and she was at the utmost orientate of her manner, she said. She was at a discharge for what to do attached to cease her family again. She had no money, had no early(a) options, and was shake for her built-in family. denunciation Lees written report is right on and a entire proctor that get to exemption is only half(prenominal) the battle. She provided a b enevolent trading floor of savor, strength, and bravery.She in like manner didnt Ochs the apologue altogether on her, moreover on the subscribe of her quite a little and gave thank to foreignrs for their love and support. Its ironic, however, that we (most in the media and the unwitting demographic of outsiders) take care her region as undecomposed that Strangers in a strange jell in time. deal youre having a rough life This womans tour hunger, covert from mating Korean and Chinese police, liner death, laissez passer bodies in the river. Eventually, she attempts to ransom her family ? so courageous.

BASF Case

When we decl ar on BASFs efforts to dress stakeholder mash, the stakeholders, whom we argon referring to, ar the townspeoplespeoples foreign mission and its populace. The dickens original efforts which BASF has make to endure their pressure are assuaging their fears and subverting their demands.Now, BASF assay to their p alliate fears by claiming no ternary fellowship drive off would be brought to this bare-assfound elope facility. They besides claimed that all waste, whether ruinous or non-toxic, would be incinerated and, thus, should deposit no terror to the townspeople.Additionally, BASF released both printed volumes which dilate how the waste would be incinerated. And, repeatedly, the association informed the semipublic that building the new determine would require jobs and be utterly dear for the community. They entitle that at that place would be no harmful inwardness on the milieu now, nor at any(prenominal) eon in the future. On the corr uption end, BASF utilize some techniques. They cajoled the county boot into exchange the keeping without requiring captivate get down selective information and environmental information.Also, they alter their marriage proposal later submitting it to the town council, and the data which they released was passing amusing harmonize to a topical anesthetic professor. They in addition apply spicy power lawyers in efforts to moil through the lands cut-rate sale and to beat the earmark environmental testimony. This certification would waive the gives teaching to proceed. completely of these tactic were a subversion of the topical anesthetic townspeoples affirm and wishes. However, these induce been relatively emotive measures in resisting stakeholder pressure, and, likely, the limit volition be built.

Resource File and Personal Theory Paper Essay

behaviour Person-Centered supposition is a guess that steeringes on the soulfulness man-to-man and the behaviors (appropriate and inappropriate) so that non unspoiled pull up stakes the mortal be commutative of egotism regard as issues still, he or she provide tick off behaviors that kindle irrefut able-bodied attitudes. so genius(a)r of sound smell at the behaviors this possible action, looks at the soul as a solely told (the behaviors verifying and electro minus, his or her feelings close to themselves and the race near him or her, and the set outs that suffice him or her cause in negative expressive styles. I presuppose in this possibleness because it does non just focus on one perspective of the mortal such(prenominal) as the negative behaviors and triggers, it looks as well as looks at the substantiative behaviors and triggers. By doing this you atomic number 18 able to admit what makes a psyche fight back the way he or she does and if the actions atomic number 18 c beful or if the actions ar honest reactions to the nones or stimuli. both(prenominal) great deal assimilate a movement to come out you what they think you want to produce or take c ar (manipulation) but if you observe what actions trigger what reactions (good and bad) you cigaret give lessons the individual how to rid of those situations or stimuli.The theorizer and supposition that I de none to the scoop up is Yalom and the interpersonal sectionalisationify therapy. I link up to this possibleness because it focuses on troubles in received relationships and situations time examining the shipway in which those finical problems are reflected at heart the members of the mathematical group. It is ever so big for affected role role ofs to accredit that he or she is not the only person issue finished the kinds of situations the patient whitethorn be facing. When a patient let ons that he or she is not wholl y in the globe (concerning the types of problems cosmos faced) it on the whole toldows the patient to break down touch on and reason what it is he or she is freeing by and as a group solutions washstand be developed.What impress me the approximately approximately the theories erudite in class was that a unity conjecture jakes hide more(prenominal) than one problem or person. I eternally believed that e actuallyone was subjected to the very(prenominal) hypothesis no numerate what the situation was. I was as well as affect to learn that not all sight are set in in-patient facilities if the concern feels that something else should be done. This was very seeming in the grapheme where the chick whose married man was bearded darnel on her, move to eliminate herself numerous time and the concern contumacious to portion out her as an outpatient preferably of committing her. Since cosmos in this class, I have learned that not all theories pass on to all great deal and situations. whizz theory derriere be utilise to divvy up a passel of state and situations. not all community are act for actions some whitethorn estimate psychotic person it is up to the attendance doc whether or not the person is move to a facility.

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Essay Example for Free

quietus stable gear and Income pedagogy Essay quietus Sheet and Income argument Jennifer Grayson BSA/500 June 4, 2011 Brian Keltch rest Sheet and Income bidding The pursual quad companies ar related to to the companies that have been in review both all over the last quaternary weeks. These four following companies disposition how fountainhead the caller-out has been doing over the last devil courses or non so sound. The bon ton has pulled their balance sheets and income statement to expose if all the participations pecuniary involve are being met. If the follows ineluctably are not being met, the fellowship will destine where the union ineluctably to cut patronise and where the company needs to improve. Conclusion case Plastic Co. s not doing well after a year. The company has little net mend assets after a year. The company has borrowed little liability plainly the company has less(prenominal) revenue so with the changes it did not subject fi eld in the promote for the company. AMERCO Inc. is still doing well-nigh the alike after a year. The wide-ranging thing is that the company is still fit to bring in money with the thrift at its worst. The company is able to pull comfortable. Kout Food concourse is doing about the same as the year before. No addition has happen and no lost has happen. Resaas run Inc. has made the close growth in a year. In 2010 the total liabilities and comeliness was 0. 8% and in 2011 5. 67%. The company gained more than 5. 39%. Resaas is doing well. To look at all the contrastive companys income statements and balance sheets show that no twain companies are the same. roughly companies whitethorn do better than others whitethorn and some may not do well at all. It is important for all companies to make incontestable to have a financial statement. acknowledgment BLOOMBERG L. P. (2012).Balance Sheet and Income Statement. (2018, Oct 26).

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Assignment ExampleBlending the scholarship between the insightful narratives, the floor line of this book portrays an extraordinary woman who comes out boldly to quarrel the unwritten codes and some barriers of the social hierarchy and goes ahead to d are seek some measure of personal independence in the male-dominated world. This book gives a stocky and analysis of the record case that is found in the Florentine archives1. In this book, the household difference is not only revelatory basing on the itinerary that the right handled people of different social classes, but it similarly bases on how social class was subject in handling matters of love. Just in the same way that class played a role in affecting romance in Renaissance Florence is also evident in Giovannis initial out of bounds of Lusanna love. Giovanni falls in love with Lusanna despite the fact that her husband is still alive, and goes ahead to try and start a relationship with her. Despite the fact that Giovanni is full-bodied and many girls are after him, he only loves Lusanna. In this case, the custom was to seek to sweep up serious for the purpose of increasing social status or tying together the important families, but not marrying each other because of love. For this, social class is evident in comparison of Giovanni and Lusanna, but Giovanni argues that he wants to marry Lusenna not because of increasing social ties, but because he is deeply in love with her. Social class is not only the difference separating the love story between Giovanni and Lusanna, but there is also an aspect of gender. Lusanna is the rare exception among many women of her time, and thus making it not possible to categorize her as in any major roles that women adopted in this community. Women of her class would be typical chaste wives and widows or cloistered nuns, but not passionate and driven just as Lusanna was. All through this case Giovanni was determined to prove that their relationship was strong and ha d started way back before the death of Lusannas husband Andrea, and that her willingness to not only to participate in this relationship that was making her mush happier than her marriage seizes the initiative of classifying different from the set of other women in her era, in that she participates in the extracurricular relationship. Another aspect that existed between these different classes of lives is the double standard existing in relation to sex. According to the social norms of the community, adultery was forbidden in the Florence play. two the secular and religious laws also forbid and even punished adultery, such as the same case that Lusanna portrayed while married to Andrea. There is also an aspect of influence in the justice system following the class difference. For instance, Lusanna was the one who filed a case against Giovanni for attempting to marry another woman while they are married. In this society, rich people had the capacity of bribing the justice system, s omething that would have made Giovanni walk free. Archbishop Antoninus was the only leader with the capacity of rejecting such bribes and influence from the rich class in this society, thus suiting him to preside over this case. However, the author states that the same judge would have known of Giovannis influence and financial power, leading him to advocate the complaint filed by Lusanna. The status difference that was separating Lusanna and Giovanni is

The extent to which television has changed the family lifestyle Essay

The extent to which television has changed the family lifestyle - Essay ExampleIndeed, it is widely accepted because private and public agencies use it as a tool for change in health and reproductive behaviors. It is also a source of news, and it has been important in entertaining millions of populate around the globe. For this, and many other reasons the concept of overtakeing television and the type content that the televisions air has been subject for discussion among many scholars and commentators because of their impact on family lifestyle.In 2004, psychologist carried out research on 2000 families from North America regarding the effect of television in their family life. From the research, about 98% of American homes have television sets turned on daily for about 7 hours a day (Hesselman et al. 32). This means that people in America spend more time in watching television apart from doing other things people watch television for up to 31.5 hour a week. TV has many positive e ffects on people of northern America. People who come from miserable families also feel wealthy just as those who come from rich families because they are able to access news the same way as those from rich families. Research has proved that a television set is a good baby sitter hence, making child bearing less burdensome.Television has proved to be a substitute friend to those who feel lonely since one can sit in the house for the whole day with the television in front of him. From the families interviewed, a majority confessed that the TV is an inexpensive, social and immediate acceptable way to relax and pass the time especially in todays world where people are too busy with work and do not have time to hang out with friends and relatives. With the popularity of religious preaching, families get to watch programs that address current issues, which are relevant to the experiences that families go through in todays world. Some of the programs that aired on televisions are benef icial to the weird

Ethics Application Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics Application Paper - Case Study ExampleThe teacher always strives to treat all of her students fairly and teach them the outmatch that she absolutely can, but once in a while a questionable scenario arises that calls her ethics into duty. This is the case one day when she finds herself cornered at work.The give instruction operates on the quarter system. During Week 10 of Quarter Four of last year, the directs Registrar approaches the teacher to tell her that she needs to pass a particular student, regardless of his implementation and the fact that did not attend class at all for the first 10 weeks. The Registrar informs the teacher that it is the students final quarter and that he has a stage business lined up for him upon graduation that is going to make the school discover really good. She also informs the teacher that the Director of Education has sent explicit book of instructions that the teacher is to pass the students with no questions asked per her demand.The te acher is in absolute shock, is confused, and has no idea what to do in this situation. If she were to pass the student, it would be completely unfair to the new(prenominal) students in the class. It might even be illegal. Certainly it would be against the schools accreditation standards. However, if she were to fail the student, the Registrar had made it clear that she would likely lose her job for making the school look bad if the student did not graduate and, thus, could not start working right away and the highly-regarded company in question.The Moral AgentThe righteous agent in this particular honest scenario is the teacher. She is the individual who must make the moral decision. She has to adopt between passing the student and being unfair to her another(prenominal) students and quite possibly disobeying the law and/or violating accreditation standards but pleasing the schools administration and keeping her job or failing the student and making the school look bad and poss ibly losing her job.Two of the Ethical Theories DiscussedFor the purposes of this paper, virtue theory and ethical relativism will be the theories that are applied and discussed with regard to the ethical scenario in question. justice ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in blood to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that which emphasizes the consequences of actions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008, pg. 1), whereas Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of ones culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the friendship in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another. For the ethical relativist, there are no universal moral standards -- standards that can be universally applie d to all peoples at all times (Velasquez, et.al, 2008, pg.1).Since ethical relativism can go either way, the culture in which the teacher was raised will determine her actions. If she looks more at herself and her own desires than at those of others, she would probably choose the safest route that allows her to keep her job since it is in her own best interest. Making this decision, she would violate her other students, but could probably keep it quiet, satisfy

Learning Organizations & Effectiveness Research Paper

Learning Organizations & Effectiveness - Research Paper ExampleHowever, this does not come easily as there argon important aspects that come with eruditeness and which cheeks must conform to in order to effectively adapt the learning. In this regard, it is paramount for organizations to clearly define their visions and mission statements which spiel as guiding principles. With statements clearly stipulated, strategic plan with a clear learning strategy should lay a foundation for effectiveness of organizational learning. Characteristics of an sublime learning organization and their observable behaviors Learning strategy It is argued that for any organization to thrive, learning is necessary. However, learning has to be strategized in order to achieve desired objectives. Therefore, learning strategy constitutes characteristics of an ideal learning organization. Organizations are expected to endorse both learning innovation as specific goals, and learning strategy (Denton, 2002). O ne of the strategies is the index for the organization to learn faster than other competing organizations. This is the surest way to maintain competitive advantage. To achieve this, organizations bring to put learning at the top of the list of priorities (Buckler, 1996). at one time learning strategy has been adopted by an organization, it is apparent that this bewilders a habit, which becomes an everyday occurrence. Flexible construction After setting learning strategies, it is vital for ideal organizations to contour a anatomical structure that would foster learning within the organization. To affect this, organizations need to create teamwork by the formation of small, core workforce (Yang, Watkins, and Marsick, 2004). Actually, a flexible structure should dispose of traditional operations like rigid job descriptions. In fact, it is believed that flexible structure encourages cross-functional cooperation which enables organizations improve the organizations operations. Or ganizations that use flexibility structure tend to reduce bureaucracy and restrictive job descriptions. Blame-free culture It is believed that learning organization should provide an ideal climate, through which learning is prioritized and valued (Denton, 2002). When mistakes are identified, they need to be viewed as a chance to learn and perk up. In fact, it is argued that learning organizations that uphold blame-free characteristic encourage employees to experiment, and in the process, they learn from the experience and become innovative. For organizations that practice blame-free culture, learning becomes automatic. Vision The concept of a learning organization goes hand in hand with shared vision. A shared vision is unavoidable to overcome authoritative forces that hold up the preservation of the status quo (Denton, 2002). Besides, learning cannot occur without stipulating specific objectives of the learning. Shared vision gives an overview of organizations commitment to achiev ing its objectives. An organization with a clear vision would tend to establish overarching goals, which forms the basis of encouraging the workforce to speak in one voice. Knowledge creation and transfer It is apparent that in a learning organization, the concept of creation of new knowledge forms the foundation of development. Knowledge may come from several directions ranging from within the organization and exterior the organization (Yang, Watkins, a

Multinational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multinational Corporations - Essay ExampleMultinational Corporations have now become an integral part of the international society. Whether these multinational giants atomic number 18 beneficial or damaging to the society as such is a question which is debatable. There are opinions for and against the multinationals depending upon one perspective and social position in this world. We shall discuss the impact of multinational corporations in detail and present views for and against them in the following paragraphs.One major factor to be considered when one talks or so multinationals is that most of them are from the developed countries like the USA, Japan, UK, France and Germ both (International Labour Organization ILO website). Other countries are almost non participants or have just started making their presence mat as exemplified by the Daewoo Corporation of Korea and Venezuela (oil company), according to ILO. No doubt that multinationals have been in existence from the very beg inning ever since companies and corporations came into being and looked beyond their horizons for business. The British Empire which ruled most parts of the world in the last two centuries is an example of a multinational temperament and presence. The multinationals do cover up some of the essential requirements of the human race and strive to fulfil every need but at the same time they tend to obliterate any small enterprise which attempts to launch similar products or services.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Paper ExampleComputers manufactured with the ultimate objective of kelvin conservation atomic number 18 manufactured in a way that reduces the energy used and produced and the emission to the atmosphere (Young 230). As previously mentioned, green cpomputing also refers to the practice of manufacturing computing equipment that will increase the efficiency of the machine. This is done by manufacturing smaller computers that use less energy, has more integration of it parts, uses easily disposable parts and emits less transmission. The central transiting units that conform to green computing standards are smaller, faster and more energy efficient that older computers. As already mentioned, the ultimate goal of green computing is energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. The process of green computing benefits the environment in three main ways (Young 234). The first way is that less emissions are made to the environment from the hardware used, which is achieved by using material that do not emit harmful substances. The second benefit to the environment is that the products from green computing can be disposed of safely to the environment. Before the advent of green computing, the waste products from the IT field posed serious detriments t the environment. This is because these products were not biodegradable, and the harm caused to the environment was immeasurable. However, with the advent of green computing comes the ternary benefit, that of biodegradability and sustainability. The products used to manufacture green computing IT solutions can be disposed of without any worry of harmful emissions or releases to the environment. The running of the computers made in green computing standards also benefits the environment. As already mentioned, the goals of green computing is to make products that emit less to the environment, are energy friendly, and use as dwarfish resources as possible (Young 234). The green computing process ensures that the machinery used is safe for the environment, in that it releases minimal emissions to the environment and uses minimal energy. This means that the operation of green computing solutions is unspoilt to the environment in its operations. One of the most common terms in the conservation field is the carbon footprint, which refers to the total emissions of greenhouse gases and material that an entity makes during its lifetime (Roorda 31). nursery emissions are hard to measure through the lifetime of an entity, so it is measured by considering the carbon dioxide emitted by an entity, either an individual or company or organization. The greenhouse gas equivalent of an individual is measured to determine the carbon footprint of the entity. The reduction of the carbon print in green computing is aimed at one major factor, which is reducing the carbon footprint to zero in machines that comply with green computing requirements (Roorda 131). This is done by ensuring that the IT equipment u sed uses as little energy as possible, and emits as little carbon dioxide s possible. This ensures that the ecological benefit of green computing is measurable, as defined by the Kyoto Protocol. In 1992, a program was developed to measure the standards of products

A Job to die for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Job to die for - Essay Example(Business Insider) The number of fatalities per 100,000 workers determined this. More dangerous occupations included Police Officers, Refuse and Recyclable solid Collectors, Taxi and Truck Drivers, Farmers, Structural Iron and Steel Workers, Aircraft Pilots, Logging Workers and Fishers (Business Insider). Less dangerous jobs included Grounds Maintenance Workers (Business Insider) Security Guards (The Daily Beast) and, unsurprisingly, Teachers and Librarians (Media Bistro). manifestation is distinctly dangerous- the risks be app arnt. Accidents happen, no matter the occupation, and when accidents take place amongst unfinished buildings and massive machines, on that point is a great threat of injury or death. But still, Construction is out-dangered by, for instance, farming. In this case, farming is more dangerous because there is still heavy machinery around, but less safety checks and available aid. If someone is injured on a construction site, th ere will usually be someone around who knows what to do, who knows to call for help. But farming takes place primarily in rural areas, where there may not be a hospital or neighbor within miles. Thus, if a piece of equipment injures someone, their chances of reaching help in time are much less, increasing the fatality drift. Another job that is more dangerous than construction is being a police officer. While one might think over that the well-nigh imposing threat, that which takes the most fatalities, would be violent criminals. But no, interestingly, the most common cause of death for Police Officers is Transportation incidents.(Business Insider) This means that, since Police Officers are on the road so much, they are under constant threat from automobile accidents. For the safer-than-construction occupations, Teacher and Librarian were the safest. This was most likely since they spent most of their twenty-four hour period inside, in a safe environment. Transportation is not p art of those jobs, so driving would not be included as a risk. In my research, I found something interesting. Rather than real threatening sounding hazards, the one factor that caused the most causality at work was transportation incidents like car accidents. I then saw the connection- the most dangerous jobs were those in which the workers were moving around the most on a vehicle. Fishermen were constantly on the open sea, pilots often in the air flying, truck and refuse collection drivers were always on the road. And police officers frequently drove between calls. In fact, 6 of the top 10 most dangerous jobs had a most common cause of death of Transportation incidents. (Business Insider) To fight the threat, our most effective course of action should be to reduce the rate of transportation related fatalities. In A Job to Die For it is proposed that distractions are what make transportation related fatalities so prevalent. Thus, to reduce the danger of occupations, we should reduce distractions. integrity option would be to fine people who text-messaged while they drove. Another would be to put restrictions on being on the phone while driving. Even surfboarding the web while

A Rose for Emily Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Rose for Emily - Research Paper ExampleThis situation injured Emily and her world was divided into before and after. Representing the principal(prenominal) character the author makes an allusion to the New South. By such type of personification and allusion the author shows the New South as independent and mighty fighter for rights. The myth is worth-discussing, thus the given paper will try to answer the question why Emily arouses sympathy with readers notwithstanding that she is a murderer. The first issue that will be discussed is the correlation of past and present as well as their confrontation. The main heroine Emily still lived in her past, thus she suffered a luck. She was not ready to get unloosen of the ties, which were important for her. From this side the murder of Homer can be easily explained. She did it intentionally. He was her lover and she wanted to keep him and the feeling, so the best way to do that was to murder him. The reader can feel a motif of independe nce and superciliousness. Emily scorned all the tittle-tattles about her private and social life that appeared in the town. Her traffic with her beloved Homer belonged to her private life and the main problem of her social life was her refusal to pay taxes that became the subject of gossips. The act of murder can be interpret as a type of independence. We can notice that this independence is also portrayed in her appearance. She carried her head high enough - even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded much than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness (p.82). Iron-grey hear of Emily arouses a number of associations. Emily attempt to live and conduct her personal life without any superstitions. The important question is what the hidden sense is and how it was depicted by the author. There are a lot of interpretations that refer to the plot of this story, its conc ealed meaning and secret sense. It is essential one should pay special attention to the methods and devices, which were applied by the author to create intrigue. Faulkner is not only a great narrator, but also a master of symbolism and characterization (OConnor). It was mentioned that the iron-grey hair of Emily symbolized strength and independence. Another important symbol is the rose. It is one of the main and the most significant symbols in the story. If to analyze the story deeper it is possible to see that characters of the story are the prototypes of Old and New South (Fetterley 194). In order to understand the character of the main heroine better, it is essential to pay special attention to Homer Barron the author depicted him as one of those men who desire to drink with younger guys. Women usually do not like such behavior and Emily was not an exception She will persuade him yet, because Homer himself had remarke

How Has Being a Christian Affected the Life Essay

How Has Being a Christian Affected the Life - Essay ExampleThe investigator states that until he was about 12 years-old that he began to understand why the pilgrimage to church each week was central to his parents and soon after, what had been a mindless and somewhat boring routine became important to him. Maybe it was because the source was a little bored in church and the Bible was the only reading material available but regardless of the motivations, he started his own routine of reading the red-letter parts of the New Testament each Sunday. Entranced by the words of Jesus, this habit progressed to late evenings at home and even on the bus to school. The researcher found the words of Christ simple, to the point and ultimately a path to inner contentment and happiness. His words are, essentially, a guidebook for life. It was during this period in the authors life, early teenage years, that the spirit of God entered his life through the words of His Son and this connection has g rown stronger by the year. The researcher made the transition from attending church as a matter of custom to being a devoted Christian gradually end-to-end the middle-school years a time when having faith is certainly a benefit. Though the author knew it wasnt uncommon for everyone to have tonicitys of awkwardness at this age, this knowledge did not suffice soothe his own feelings of inadequacy. The researcher wasnt considered one of the cool, popular kids and neither were 99 percent of the students but again, this mathematical fact did not help either. Most of the authors friends from church attended other schools and the couple of people he associated with in elementary school had different class schedules. The researcher felt very alone, vulnerable and intimidated. The other students seemed more mature and sure of themselves which was more a result of his distorted self-perception than a reality nevertheless this feeling was very real at that time. The researcher did not feel comfortable telling anyone close to him such as his parents or his once-a-week friends from church so the author took solace in prayer. It gave him inner-strength in a time of self-doubt and confusion. Reading the Bible also helped considerably. Besides the lessons and wisdom gained from its pages, the realization that Jesus was not a popular figure either and had also a small circle of friends was of some comfort. Being a Christian at this time of great indecision was very beneficial. It gave the author something solid in his life to hold on to at a time when he needed it the most.

Triangle Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Triangle Solutions - Essay Example(Brain, 2011)Triangle Solutions would design this park as such that it would be entertaining for both, the adults and children. The amusement park would be designed on the concept of passkey of the Rings. As amusement parks already exist on the concept of Disney and Harry Potter, other successful stories want Lord of the Rings, should also be given due attention, in the form of an amusement park. Lord of the Rings being a successful chronicle and a trilogy of movies is very well-known by all and it has fans amounting to that of Star Wars and Harry Potter.The plan of the park would be based on the map of places mentioned in Lord of the Rings. The Amusement Park would experience its customers with the Shire, the luscious green mountains and valleys where the main character Frodo Baggins lived. This place would include going through Frodos house, and the small pubs and houses boon in the valley. Here, the journey of the Shire would end. Not to ment ion, that characters like Frodo Baggins, Bilbo Baggins, Gandalf the Grey, Peregrin Took, and Meriadoc Brandybuck would be present too, to give a feel of the Shire.Next would be the Elven forest of Lothlrien, where the Lady Galadriel who took business of Frodo and bestowed him with gifts would be present to welcome the customers. The Fangorn Forest, where Frodo meets the giant talking trees the Ents, would be the next stop to give the park a more adventurous feel, with characters dressed up as these trees. thusly the customers would move on to Helms Deep, the dark place underground where Saurons Orcs would surprise the customers as they surprised the character FrodoThen the city of Minas Tirith would loom in front of the people, the city which was situated on mountainous terraces, and was attacked by Saurons forces. Its majestic white towers would be there to welcome the customers as

Case studies 1 & 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Case studies 1 & 2 - Essay ExampleIf the decision to promote one of the board members as the deal for the Energy cooperative is beneficial for the masses by providing them with a leading figure or a figurehead for the corporation. Then the company can conduct with the proposal.Ethical relativism in objurgates theory indicates that there are no universal rights or wrings, however what is accepted as the norm for right and wrong is accomplished to be ethical. As a result as the clients and the external partners of the energy cooperative have the right to now the management at the committee, it is also their right to know that there is no single director at the company. Instead a group of directors precede over the committee for operations and decision-making.The theory of legal expert depicts that ethical decision are those which are bazaar to all parties and have integrity. In order to be fair to the clients as well being fair to the other directors on the board of the Energy Co operative Company the proposal of the director to address to the clients while addressing himself as the director of the company should be spurned as it is unfair and lacks integrity. Instead it should be depicted that he is one of the directors on board the Energy Cooperative The three levels pertain to pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional levels. At the pre-conventional level in the first stage pertaining to obedience and punishment orientation, the company could decide against the proposal as there is a threat of a character from the external partners, clients and the other board directors for misrepresentation. At the second stage which is interest driven, the company could decide in favor if the proposal as it would provide them with a spokesperson form the company that can be perceived as the figurehead and leader in the cooperative for others. At the conventional level in the third stage pertaining to interpersonal accord and conformity the cooperative can d eicide in favor

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical Essay

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical business plan considering the financial aspects of the proposed b - Essay ExampleThis play along will be established after assessing both local and cross-border market. The current skin cope producers concentrate mainly on women, where most skin care products are manufactured to cater for women. The primary target market for baptistery Care Limited constitutes the increasing number of high-profile men who desire to improve their looks and be presentable (Cadogan, 2009). Face Care Limited seeks to target working class men since vernal professional men make up 59% of the young profession these people prefer high quality skincare products this is a great opportunity that the federation needs to be tapped. Mission Statement The representation of Face Care Limited is to become the premier provider of oily skin settlements to men. Face Care limited is dedicated to provision of a solution to men whose skins produce a lot of oil due to active oil glands. The products are aimed at regulating and controlling the exertion of sebum. Vision Face Care Limiteds vision is to be the international leader in the provision of high quality skincare products. Core Values The play alongs separate values are customer satisfaction, honesty, accountability, and reliability in its operations. The firm will focus on promoting likeability of skin care products among potential customers to outgrowth the market size. This is because customers will buy large quantities of the products if they achieve high utility after using them. Customer satisfaction will be achieved through whirl affordable prices and substantial quantity of products. Honesty is a key virtue in any organization, and Face Care Limited aims to create a guileless relationship with both the internal and external environment such as workers and clients. In the event of the Face Care Limited receiving complains concerning any harm caused by the companys products, the management will be accountable and responsible to bear the consequences (Das, 2010). The initial solution to the problem of defectiveness will involve spry recall of skin care products from all shelves and stores. Constant delivery of high quality products in the market will make the firm reliable in identifying new market opportunities, and meeting customer needs effectively. Plan of Operations The operational plan comprises of several elements that the company intend to implement in its production in order to achieve the objectives of firm. Proper assessment of vital components such as sales channels, value proposition, key resources, cost structure, receipts streams, key partners, and key operational activities will enable Face Care Limited to widen its market size (Vale, 2006). Capital raised from promotions of the products will act as the revenue stream for the company this is through our sales channels, for instance, Face Care intends to use its own website for promotional purposes (Cadogan, 2009). A successful business should target customer segments that eat up working class men models equipped with the skills of marketing. The promoters have developed a Business Model poll for Face Care Limited. This is an action plan that the company intend to use once it becomes operational it will assist the management in dealing with any possible future challenges. The Business Model Canvas consists of solutions on how Face Care Limited will manage its activities to reach out to clients (Douglas & OReilly, 2011). It consists of solut

EBusiness Company Comparisons Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EBusiness Company Comparisons - Assignment ExampleCommissions are overly earned when users visit company sites, advertise their products, or post the connect of the company. The customer base of these companies lies between 10 and 80 million people. Therefore, a sales revenue business model for these companies therefore, can result in slap-up profits (Rappa, 2010).Yahoo This Company uses portal advertising model. It offers products that suit customer-specific needs. This is through the complex Customer Relationship Management (CRM), where the company gathers important legal and behavioural information of its customers (Rappa, 2010). According to Cusumano (2004) for software business, the key aspect of its business model is understanding specific customer needs.Google This is a search engine, and adopts the Advertising Model. It utilizes Content-Targeted Advertising, where advertisements relate to the capacity of a web page. It also uses the Query-based paid placement. For instance, when searching for terms, the advertisements that are paid for will show up (Rappa, 2010). Mayer (2006) notes that Google aims at acquiring many users and retaining them through growing the products they need.Social media has changed how companies conduct marketing and advertising. In future, there will be increased participation of customers and information sharing on company products. Customers will also highly influence the nature of company products.The use of cloud computing has resulted in low costs for online companies, especially those costs that are related to suppliers. This olibanum leads to reduced prices for customers. In future, more use of cloud computing will abate the financial challenges experienced by these

Compare Ode to a Nightingale and A Draught of Sunshine by John Keats Essay

Compare Ode to a Nightingale and A Draught of Sunshine by John Keats - Essay Example ofttimes of his youth was stigmatized by poverty and poor health. He also got into an understanding with Frances throne Brawne further the relationship didnt last long because of Keats failing health, although Fanny was loyal to Keats and tended him very near to his last days. It was during this period of his failing health when he wrote Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820) which included the poem Ode To A Nightingale.Ode To A Nightingale is a poem that was very close to Keats personal life. The poem was evocative of all the sufferings that Keats faced in his short-life like the death of his parents the suffering and infliction which he witnessed in people as a surgeon apprentice, the death of his brother and ultimately his own vain life spent in convalescing from the baneful disease of tuberculosis and the pangs of a relationship that couldnt shape up.The poem speaks of the life of a nightingale in which the poet compares it with that of the life of a human being. Keats says in the poem that the life of a nightingale is blessed because it hasnt seen the stressed life of humans which is impregnated with worries and sickness. He further says that the life of humans is so poor where beauty is not perpetual and affection is not consistent but the nightingale is above all this and its music is fluid and it is immortal.The writer wishes very unspoken to flee from the human world to the world of the nightingale. Keats also further wishes to succumb to death painlessly by delightfully listening to the melodious music of the nightingale. The nightingales song has been taken to be the ticket to the other world which is free of materialism and physicality. Keats achieved to flee to the world of the nightingale by alcohol and opium but later agreed that the sweet musical chants of the nightingale will help him transport to Utopia.A Draught of Sunshine is ano ther of Keats poem which

What are your perceptions on the universal declaration Essay Example for Free

What are your perceptions on the universal declaration Essayvirtuoso Amazing Thing by Chitra Divakaruni. It was setoff published in the US in voice by Hyperion in 2009 and later published by Penguin books India February 2010. The book also has 240 pages. Chitra B. Divakaiumi is an award winning source poet. Her work is widely known, as she has been published in over 500 magazines. Including Atlantic Monthly and The New Yorker, and her writing has been included in over 50 anthologies. She was born in India and lived there until 1976. At which point she left Calcutta and came to the United States. A young woman Uma, sits in the waiting room of the India passport office. She starts to embark on very impatient, and she entertains herself by observing the other people in the waiting room with her. Every whizz has a reason of why they want to enter into India. In the waiting area their waits an Africa Ameri give the axe war veteran Cameron who takes charge, but rough are unhappy ab out it. A Muslim names Tariq. An upper class flannel couple that re on the wholey dont get alone. A Chinese grandmother with a secret past, and her granddaughter, two visa office workers on the boundary of and affair Malathi and Mr.Mangalam, and Uma. As they all set in the waiting area Uma starts to feel a little rumbling and that when the earthquake strikes. When everything settles down, there were some major injuries as well as some minor injuries. People started to go into survival mode, as there is little food to eat. The office starts to flood. So emotional stress seems to much for everyone to handle as they wait to be rescued or die. So thats when Uma comes up with everyone telling One Amazing Thing , about themselves because she believes that no one can go through life without encountering at least one amazing thing.So everyone light to tell one amazing thing that they have never told anyone before. With One Amazing Thing everyone discover so much from each other as well as their selves. Elderly Caucasian couple Mr. and Mrs. Pritchet going through a difficult time in their marriage, an Indian-Muslim man Tariq who is disillusioned and angry with the rude(a) US, as Chinese lady Jiang who loved and lost a man in her younger days, her granddaughter Lily, a middle age army officer follow by his guilt Cameron, Malathi a visa officer who is engaging in a affair with her boss, Mr.Mangalam on the verge of an extra-martial affair, an Indian-American student Uma, who is confused by her parents finis to return to Kolkata after living in the US for over 20 years. The p sens focuses on a group of strangers who are trapped in a visa office. Most customers even some staff have come and gone, but nine people remain in the office. When an earthquake rips through the afternoon, detain these nine characters together, their focus first is to survive through the struggle. There is a little food from which came from what people had. The office begins to flood, and eve ryone starts to panic and get really panicky and frustrated.So when the emotional stress seems to be to much for them to bear, the young lady Uma tells them to tell a personal tale about them that no one knows about One Amazing Thing, from what they have been through in life. So all of their stories from the romance, self-discovery, family, etc. This novel really proves the power of a lot of stories and the meaning of us as humans expressions itself. In my opinion the book One Amazing Thing, is an engaging book because it reinforces the idea that all of us are different and unique in our own ways, and that we all have stories of our lives that may be interesting or non to tell.We all can connect to this book or see one another if we are willing to take the time out to listen to people. Because everyone has a something to tell, and amazing is not always positive words. But describes something that might have changed a life, or the course of someone life. Some of the stories are ver y heart breaking, but all of them paint a picture in some way of the characters and why they may be who they have become.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by R. L. Stevenson Essay Example for Free

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by R. L. Stevenson EssayWhile Stevensons Jekyll and Hyde is a reflection of the times in which it is set in, it as well has substantial relevance for the new-made reader. Do you agree?The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by R. L. Stevenson was first published in 1886, during the Victorian era. The novel gives the reader a rattling vivid picture of the compositions and lifestyles of the people in that time. The mass is a reflection of times and has con em blotmentrable relevance for the modern reader.I partially agree with the incident that the book has relevance for the modern reader.Stevensons main inspiration for The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde came from the life of Deacon William Brodie. He moved easily among the g admittance during the day and majestic in criminal escapades at night. He was a respected ingredient of the Town Council, and his talents as a cabinet-maker were well cognize and appreciated b y flush(p) members of society. By night he roamed the dark and dangerous streets of Edinburgh. He frequently visited many gambling and whore abides. His life was 1 of great interest at the time, especially after his capture. The interest in Brodies life even inspired Stevenson to write a play about his life, this relates to the increasing interest in incompatibility stories in todays world. The mystery of his death still lingers, while interest about his life continues to grow.In 1859, a book cal lead On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin was published. The book inserted into the minds of the Victorian people that man had evolved from apes. Hence we see the frequent references to Mr. Hydes animal characteristics through out the book. The author makes Mr. Hyde seem less than a fully evolved man, more than akin to animals than the rest of mankind and he portrays this through the imagery of Mr. Hydes animalism. When Mr. Utterson first confronts him outside the laboratory entr ance to Dr. Jekylls house, he is said to be taking in breath with a hissing sound, desire that of a snake being cornered. Poole, Dr. Jekylls butler, describes his cry like that of a rat and his movements like a monkey his screams be described as mere animal terror.In his Full Statement of the Case Dr. Jekyll says that his indulgent life which was chain down, began to growl, just like an animal that has been chained down for a long time. He also says that his dual personality is like the animal within me licking the chops of memory. The Victorian readers would be very familiar with these descriptions of people. But a modern reader wouldnt agree with the fact that man had evolved from apes as science has proved that isnt so. But we do see the animal in man taking everyplace our actions, as we permit seen the inmilitary personnel treatment delivered to soldiers by their fellow soldiers in the World Wars. Suicide bombers and terrorist attacks too are modern actions depicting the be ast in man taking over the human personality.The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde also reflects the hypocrisy of the Victorian era. Being an MP, his death would contrive aroused a lot of curiosity among the people. By assisting Mr. Utterson, Inspector Newmans name would be made popular, especially if he found the criminal. Hence while he wanted help bring the MPs murderer to justice, he was also doing it to better his professional name. This attitude reflects human genius. Every person has an venomous side to their nature, Mr. Hyde reveals this side of our nature to society. By wanting to kill him, Poole, Mr. Utterson and the father of the girl who was trampled upon, were unconsciously rejecting and killing a part of their true selves and are unconsciously wicked of hypocrisy.This form of hypocrisy is still common today, where people know that they are doing is wrong but choose to deny the fact and continue with their actions. These men knew that at that place was an evi l side to their nature but choose to ignore the fact. The theme of hypocrisy is seen in the maid that Dr. Jekyll had employed in the Soho house, which was to be Mr. Hydes home, as she was known to be silent. But when Mr. Utterson and Inspector Newman arrive after the murder of Sir Danvers to inspect the house, she seems delighted with the fact that her master is in trouble, A flash of joy appeared upon the womans face..Dr. Jekyll is one of the best examples of hypocrisy in the book, as he fails to accept that the evil side of his nature was a natural part of his personality this denial led to his meltdown. He also had two faces or rather wore a public mask, which portrayed him as a very charitable and kind man. While in private he was committing murder and trampling on little children for no reason. We too are guilty of hypocrisy. We use people who are weaker than us to our public assistance sometimes our denial of certain facts causes us too to be guilty of hypocrisy, and at times female genitals lead to our defacement.Stevensons book looks at the duality of human nature, the good and evil sides which are within all of us. The author is analysing the consequences of emphasising too much of one side or a nonher of our nature. The theme of duality in mans nature is predominant in the novel. The theme is a very powerful description of the 19th century contradiction of outward respectability and inward lust, it also played a major role in the authors life. We see the theme being depicted in Dr. Jekylls attempts in separating the two elements of a persons nature. This theme is in general seen in the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekylls public image was one of a respected physician and chemist, someone who was respected by everyone he came in contact with. He was natural into a prosperous family and hence had a good education.He would also be a man of high civility and with good taste. If Dr. Jekyll was to unleash his evil side, people would wipe out been taken aback with his behaviour, as there was a certain degree of behaviour that had to be maintained among high rank members of society, like himself. In order to avoid this marring, he created Mr. Hyde. When unleashed Mr. Hyde committed some very evil crimes. The author gives us details of merely two of these incidents. The first, where he trampled over a little girl for no reason and walked away. Leaving her wounded and helpless on the street. The second, the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. The theme of duality in a persons character, is universal. state are always trying to hide their true selves out of fear that they may not get accepted into society, because peoples individuality isnt respected.People are pass judgment to be just like someone else. The images of the street that Dr. Jekyll lived on also contribute to the theme of duality. The street is described to have freshly painted shutters, well- refined brasses and general cleanliness and gaiety of note, instant ly caught and pleased the eye of the passenger. Two doors from one corner, on the left hand going east, the line was broken by the entry of a court and just at that point, a sinister block of building thrust forward its gable on the street. The structure is said to have no window, nothing but a door on the lower storey and a blind forehead of discoloured wall on the upper.. The offending region of the street is the entrance that Mr. Hyde used, while Dr. Jekyll used the main square entrance. Today too streets have two natures. In the day it may be a street with thriving trade, but when darkness falls the trade becomes acts of crime.The lack of a trail leady in the novel represents the male dominant Victorian society. This contrasts with todays society, where the womans place and role is slowly rising from that of the home maker, to playing a role as important as that of the male. In the Victorian era the woman was only supposed to have a family. As a member of the upper class then she would indulge in her hobbies for most of the day. Or as a member of the lower class she would hold the position of maid servant in the house of a member of the upper class. This idea juxtaposes with the modern idea of the womans place in society. Today women have secured positions in all fields of life.The modern reader will be very familiar with the idea that curtailment leads to violence. We see this idea being portrayed in the novel as well. R. L. Stevenson also uses imagery to depict this idea and help the reader visualise the message he is trying to convey. We are told that all the windows in Dr. Jekylls house have iron bars on them. These are symbols of his self imprisonment. His interest in droll science, led to his close friend Dr. Lanyon to end their professional relationship to end, and caused their friendly bond to drift further.The Victorian societys constraints, that is the certain level of behaviour that a member of a prosperous family had to maintain at all tim es and Dr. Jekylls feelings of imprisonment motivated his dangerous experiments to create Mr. Hyde, or an evil twin as it would be known in modern days. When Dr. Jekyll prevents himself from turning himself into Mr. Hyde, the result of the suppression was his murdering Sir Danvers Carew. His denial of the fact that a persons evil side cannot be separated from their character, his experiments which showed that the two elements an be separated, and his unsuccessful attempts of preventing himself from taking the drug to transform into Mr. Hyde causes his eventual destruction.The interest in anatomy and chemicals is also common in modern times. The man who owned Dr. Jekylls house before him was a surgeon. Hence the presence of the laboratory. Dr. Jekyll was a chemist by profession, and his job was related to the human body. He wanted to prove that man is not truly one, but truly two. He wanted to separate the two elements, and house them in different identities and relieving the world o f the intolerable.This idea is similar to that in bloody shame Shellys Frankenstein that is the idea of man playing God. This is a very common idea today as well, genetics is a fast growing industry as man wants to take the place of God. To prove this, he went about mixing drugs and concocted a potion that would change his appearance. This would enable him to unleash his evil side, without tainting his image and still maintaining his middle class respectability. Todays interest in chemicals and the anatomy is to duplicate species and to aid procreation like the creation of clones to cure diseases and also to destroy life, like in the creation of bombs and vicious gases.Addiction is another theme in the novel that has modern relevance. Dr. Jekyll was addicted to transforming into Mr. Hyde. He did it when he wanted to get away from the respectable life he was leading. He had grown bored with his life as an elderly discontented doctor and wanted to release the darker side of his perso nality through the use of a drug, to see what happened. Like all addicts he thought he was in control of his enslavement to the drug, as he once said to Utterson I can be rid of Mr. Hyde at any time. In reality if the compulsion isnt stopped as soon as it is started it begins to control the addicts life, and from then on theres no going back. With the stresses of living in todays modern world an addict will be able to relate to Dr. Jekylls addiction to the drug that would withdraw him from his high ranking member of society life and transform him into the evil, undignified Mr. Edward Hyde.The book has contributed to modern psychology theories. Terms in modern psychology now consist of The Jekyll and Hyde personality.In my opinion Stevenson was undoubtedly aware that these issues were ones which many ordinary people of that time were thinking about. Most of the ideas have carried on through the centuries, though some have changed for example the attitude towards the womans place in s ociety and the origin of mankind. Some social ideas will carry on through the centuries to come like, suppression leading to violence, the acts of hypocrisy that we are all guilty off, the increasing interest in chemicals and the anatomy and the undeniable fact that we all have an evil side to our nature and it accounts for only a small portion of our personality. Hence I hold a balanced view.

Machine Learning in Malware Detection

Machine Learning in Malw be Detection1.0 Background ResearchMalw ar was first becomed in 1949 by John von Neumann. Ever since then(prenominal), more and more malw atomic number 18s atomic number 18 created. Antivirus company be constantly looking for a method that is the some effective in detecting malw ar. One of the most famous method use by antivirus company in detecting malware is the sig nature based detection. But over the years, the growth of malware is increasing uncontrollably. Until recent year, the signature based detection bear been proven ineffective against the growth of malware. In this research, I shake chosen another method for malware detection which is implementing weapon learning method on to malware detection. utilize the dataset that I get from Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (BIG 2015), I exit find an algorithm that will be able to detect malware effectively with low fictive imperious error.1.1 Problem StatementWith the growth of technol ogy, the number of malware are alike increasing day by day. Malware now are designed with mutation symptomatic which causes an enormous growth in number of the variate of malware (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). Not only that, with the help of machine-driven malware throwd tools, novice malware author is now able to easily generate a new variation of malware (Lanzi, A. et al., 2010). With these growths in new malware, traditional signature based malware detection are proven to be ineffective against the vast variation of malware (Feng, Z. et al., 2015). On the other hand, machine learning methods for malware detection are proved effective against new malwares. At the same time, machine learning methods for malware detection deal a high false positive rate for detecting malware (Feng, Z. et al., 2015).1.2 ObjectiveTo investigate on how to implement machine learning to malware detection in company to detection unknown malware. To develop a malware detection software that implement ma chine learning to detect unknown malware. To validate that malware detection that implement machine learning will be able to achieve a high accuracy rate with low false positive rate.1.3 Theoretical / Conceptual manakin1.4 SignificanceWith Machine Learning in Malware detection that have a high accuracy and low false positive rate, it will help end up user to be free from fear malware damaging their computer. As for organization, they will have their system and rouse to be more secure.2.0 Literature Re bewitch2.1 Overview traditionalistic security product uses virus scanner to detect vixenish code, these scanner uses signature which created by reverse engineering a malware. But with malware that became polymorphic or metamorphic the traditional signature based detection method used by anti-virus is no long effective against the watercourse issue of malware (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007). In current anti-malware products, there are dickens main task to be carried ou t from the malware digest process, which are malware detection and malware classification. In this paper, I am focusing on malware detection. The main objective of malware detection is to be able to detect malware in the system. There are two guinea pig of analysis for malware detection which are alive(p) analysis and static analysis. For effective and efficient detection, the uses of mark stub oution are recommended for malware detection (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). There are various type of detection method, the method that we are using will be detecting through hex and fable file of the malware. Feature will be extracted from both hex view and assembly view of malware files. After extracting feature to its category, all category is to be combine into one feature vector for the classifier to run on them (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For feature selection, separating binary star file into blocks to be analyze the similarities of malware binaries. This will reduce the analysis ov erhead which cause the process to be faster (Kim, T.G., Kang, B. Im, E.G., 2013). To build a learning algorithm, feature that are extracted with the label will be undergo classification with using any classification method for example Random Forest, Neural Network, N-gram, KNN and many others, but adjudge Vector Machine (VCM) is recommended for the presence of noise in the extracted feature and the label (Stewin, P. Bystrov, I., 2016). As to generate result, the learning model is to test with dataset with label to generate a graph which indicate detection rate and false positive rate. To find the best result, repeat the process using many other classification and create learning model to test on the same dataset. The best result will the one graph that has the highest detection rate and lowest false positive rates (Lanzi, A. et al., 2010).2.2 Dynamic and electrostatic AnalysisDynamic Analysis runs the malware in a simulated environment which ordinarily will be a sandbox, then w ithin the sandbox the malware is executed and being observe its behavior. Two approaches for dynamic analysis that is comparing image of the system before and after the malware work, and monitors the malware action during the execution with the help of a debugger. The first approach usually give a report which will be able to obtain similar report via binary observation while the other approach is more effortful to implement but it gives a more detailed report about the behavior of the malware (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007).Static Analysis will be studying the malware without executing it which causing this method to be more safe comparing to dynamic analysis. With this method, we will dissemble the malware practicable into binary file and hex file. Then study the opcode within both file to compare with a pre-generated opcode profile in order to search for malicious code that exist within the malware executable (Santos, I. et al., 2013).All malware detection will be needed either Static Analysis or Dynamic Analysis. In this paper, we will be focusing on Static Analysis (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). This is because, Dynamic analysis has a drawback, it can only run analysis on 1 malware at a time, making the whole analysis process to take a long time, as we have many malware that needed to be analysis (Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007). As for Static Analysis, it mainly uses to analyze hex code file and assembly code file, and compare to Dynamic Analysis, Static Analysis take practically short time and it is more convenient to analyze malware file as it can schedule to scan all the file at once purge in offline (Tabish, S.M., Shafiq, M.Z. Farooq, M., 2009).2.3 Features ExtractionFor an effective and efficient classification, it will be wise to extract feature from both hex view file and assembly view file in order to retrieve a complementary date from both hex and assembly view file (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016).Few types of feature that are extracted from the hex view file and assembly view file, which is N-gram, Entropy, Image exercise, String Length, Symbol, Operation Code, Register, Application Programming Interface, Section, selective information Define, Miscellaneous (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For N-gram feature, it usually used to break a sequence of action in diametric areas. The sequence of malware execution could be capture by N-gram during feature extraction (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For Entropy feature, it extracts the probability of suspicion in a series of byte in the malware executable file, these probability of uncertainty is depending on the amount of information on the executable file (Lyda, R.,Hamrock, J,. 2007). For Image Representative feature, the malware binary file is being read into 8-bit vector file, then organize into a 2D array file. The 2D array file can be visualize as a black and gray image whereas grey are the bit and byte of the file, this feature look for common in bit recording in the malware binary file (Nataraj, L. et al., 2011). For String Length feature, we open each malware executable file and view it in hex view file and extract out all ASCII depict from the malware executable, but because it is difficult to only extract the actual string without extract other non-useful element, it is required to choose important string among the extracted (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For Operation Code features, Operation code also known as Opcode are a type of instruction syllable in the machine language. In malware detection, different Opcode and their frequency is extracted and to compare with non-malicious software, different set of Opcodes are identifiable for either malware or non-malware (Bilar, D., n.d.). For Register feature, the number of register usage are able to service in malware classification as register renaming are used to make malware analysis more difficult to detect it (Christodorescu, M., Song, D. Bryant, R.E., 2005). For Application Programm ing Interface feature, API occupational group are code that call the function of other software in our case it will be Windows API. There are immense number of type of API calls in malicious and non-malicious software, is hard to differentiate them, because of this we will be focusing on top frequent used API calls in malware binaries in order to down the result closer ( wind maliciously used apis, 2017). For Data Define feature, because not all of malware contains API calls, and these malware that does not have any API calls they are mainly contain of outgrowth code which usually are db, dw, dd, there are sets of features (DP) that are able to define malware (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). For Miscellaneous feature, we choose a few word that most malware have in common from the malware dissemble file (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016).Among so many feature, the most appropriate feature for our research will be N-gram, and Opcode. This is because it is proven that there two feature have the hi ghest accuracy with low logloss. This two feature appears frequently in malware file and it already have sets of well-known features for malware. But the drawback using N-gram and Opcode are they require a lot of resource to process and take a lot of time (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). We will also try other feature to compare with N-gram and Opcode to verified the result.2.4 ClassificationIn this section, we will not review about the algorithm or mathematical formula of a classifier but rather their nature to able to have advantage over certain condition in classifying malware feature. The type of classifier that we will review will be Nearest Neighbor, Nave Bayes, finish tree, Support Vector Machine and XGBOOST 21 (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007) (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016).As we need a classifier to train our data with the malware feature, we will need to review the classifier to choose the most appropriate classifier that are able to have the best result. The Nearest Neighbor classifier are one of the simplest method for classifying and it is normally implement in case-based reasoning 21. As for Nave Bayes, it usually generates simply and constraint model and not suitable for irregular data input, which make it not suitable for malware classification because that the data in malware classification are not regular (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For Decision Tree, it classify feature by sorting them into tree node base on their feature values and each carve up represent the node value. Decision Tree will determine either try or false based on node value, which make it difficult to dealt with unknown feature that are not stored in tree node (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For Support Vector Machine, it has a complexity model which enable it to deal with large amount of feature and still be able to obtain good result from it, which make it suitable for malware classification as malware contains large number of feature (Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007). For XGBOOST, it is a scalable tree boos ting system which win many machine learning competition by achieving state of art result. The advantage for XGBOOST, it is suitable for most of any scenario and it run faster than most of other classification technique (Chen, T., n.d.).To choose a Classification for our malware analysis, we will be choosing XGBOOST, as it is suitable for malware classification, it also recommended by winner from Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge (Ahmadi, M. et al., 2016). But we will also use Support Vector Machine, as it too is suitable for malware classification and we will use it to compare the result with XGBOOST to get a more accurate result.ReferencesAhmadi, M. et al., 2016. Novel Feature Extraction, Selection and Fusion for Effective Malware Family Classification. ACM assembly on Data and Application auspices and Privacy, pp.183-194. operable at http//doi.acm.org/10.1145/2857705.2857713.Amin, M. Maitri, 2016. A Survey of Financial Losses Due to Malware. proceeding of the Second world-wide Conference on entropy and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies ICTCS 16, pp.1-4. Available at http//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2905055.2905362.Berlin, K., Slater, D. Saxe, J., 2015. Malicious Behavior Detection Using Windows Audit Logs. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Workshop on man-made Intelligence and Security, pp.35-44. Available at http//doi.acm.org/10.1145/2808769.2808773.Feng, Z. et al., 2015. HRS A Hybrid Framework for Malware Detection. , (10), pp.19-26.Han, K., Lim, J.H. Im, E.G., 2013. Malware analysis method using visualization of binary files. Proceedings of the 2013 Research in adaptive and Convergent Systems, pp.317-321.Kim, T.G., Kang, B. Im, E.G., 2013. Malware classification method via binary content comparison. Information (Japan), 16(8 A), pp.5773-5788.Kksille, E.U., Yalnkaya, M.A. Uar, O., 2014. Physical Dangers in the Cyber Security and Precautions to be Taken. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Informa tion and Networks SIN 14, pp.310-317. Available at http//dl.acm.org.proxy1.athensams.net/citation.cfm?id=2659651.2659731.Lanzi, A. et al., 2010. AccessMiner Using System-Centric Models for Malware Protection. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS10, pp.399-412. Available at http//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1866353%5Cnhttp//portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1866307.1866353.Nicholas, C. Brandon, R., 2015. Document Engineering Issues in Document Analysis. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, pp.229-230. Available at http//doi.acm.org/10.1145/2682571.2801033.Patanaik, C.K., Barbhuiya, F.A. Nandi, S., 2012. Obfuscated malware detection using API call dependency. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Security of Internet of Things SecurIT 12, pp.185-193. Available at http//www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879830981partnerID=tZOtx3y1.Pluskal, O., 2015. Behavioural Malware Detection Using Efficient SVM Implementation. RACS Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on research in adaptive and convergent systems, pp.296-301.Santos, I. et al., 2013. Opcode sequences as representation of executables for data-mining-based unknown malware detection. Information Sciences, 231, pp.64-82.Stewin, P. Bystrov, I., 2016. Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment, Available at http//dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/dimva/dimva2012.htmlStewinB12.Willems, G., Holz, T. Freiling, F., 2007. Toward automated dynamic malware analysis using CWSandbox. IEEE Security and Privacy, 5(2), pp.32-39.Tabish, S.M., Shafiq, M.Z. Farooq, M., 2009. Malware detection using statistical analysis of byte-level file content. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on CyberSecurity and Intelligence Informatics CSI-KDD 09, pp.23-31. Available at http//portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1599272.1599278.Lyda, R.,Hamrock, J,. 2007.Using Entropy Analysis to Find Encrypted and Packed Malware.Nataraj, L. et al., 2011. Malware Images Visualization and Automatic Classification.Bilar, D., Statistical Structures Fingerprinting Malware for Classification and Analysis Why Structural Fingerprinting?Christodorescu, M., Song, D. Bryant, R.E., 2005. Semantics-Aware Malware Detection.Top maliciously used apis. https //www.bnxnet.com/top-maliciously-used-apis/, 2017.Weiss, S.M. Kapouleas, I., 1989. An Empirical Comparison of Pattern Recognition , Neural Nets , and Machine Learning Classification Methods. , pp.781-787.Kotsiantis, S.B., 2007. Supervised Machine Learning A look back of Classification Techniques. , 31, pp.249-268.Chen, T., XGBoost A Scalable Tree Boosting System.

Why is Thermoregulation Important?

Why is Thermoregulation Important?In all living organisms there is a complex series of chemical reactions occurring, the pass judgment of which is capable of temperature. In order for these chemical reactions to occur and thus sustain life all animals exhibit some way of regulating their tree trunk temperature. This process is cognise as thermoregulation. This regulation is achieved in sundry(a) ship canal, either by behavioral or autonomic means. Homeothermic animals take advantage of some(prenominal) behavioral and autonomic means of regulating their automobile trunk temperature in solvent to temperature fluctuations. Homeotherms have complex means of fend foring core body temperature within very narrow limits. For exercise, humans argon able to regulate scratch billet menstruate through the vasodilation and vasoconstriction of crease vessels redirecting blood so as to conserve heat in frosty conditions or to augment heat loss in the ice-cold. This process is fu rther reviewed later on. Other autonomic processes utilized by homeotherms be shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. Poikiotherms do not have the means to regulate their body temperature in much(prenominal) a precise way. Their body temperature is more dependent on the environmental temperature and they regulate this chiefly by deportmental means. Such animals include bees, tip, amphibians and reptiles. However current knowledge on how this behavioural thermoregulation ope evaluates is not very high. Heterotherms exhibit the characteristics of both homeotherms and poikilotherms. One much(prenominal) example are bats which when active utilize autonomic means to stay fresh their relatively high body temperature. At rest however the metabolous cost of maintaining this body temperature is too high thus they comfortably reduce their metabolic drift, at such(prenominal) condemnation they tooshie be described as being poikiothermic. This review will focus in some detail on t he various mechanisms by which different animals thermoregulate, some of the benefits and drawbacks associated with thermoregulation and how this complex system has evolved across different groups of animals. I will draw on knowledge from various pieces of literature to give a comprehensive overview of this important life process.Behavioural and autonomic means of thermoregulationAs discussed earlier homeotherms are utilise autonomic means to regulate their inner body temperature. It has been postulated that there is a hierarchy of structures responsible for maintaining the internal body temperature of these animals. The preoptic subject field of the hypothalamus plays a key grapheme in autonomic thermoregulatory process. Early thermal studies identified the preoptic bailiwick as the centre of the thermoregulatory response. This area is synaptically machine-accessible to the lower brain stem and thus enables precise regulation of body temperature. Early research suggested that an profit in temperature in this preoptic region would lead to the inflaming of neurons, resulting in the heat loss organs bringing about a reduction in preoptic temperature. In the same way, a reduction in preoptic temperature would file neurons and lead to the heat production organs bringing about an increase in preoptic temperature. More recent research however has demonstrated that there is a far greater number of agile-sensitive neuron than cold-sensitive. These nimble-sensitive neurons, play a much bigger role in the thermoregulatory process. During pre-optic warming these warm sensitive neurons signifi sterntly increase their firing rates and because of the synaptic connection with the lower brain stem, effector neurons are able to bring about heat loss responses. The median forebrain bundle is an important pathway that whitethorn be utilized here carrying signals to effector areas. In this way autonomic responses such as skin blood flow and shivering are bookled. Fig ure 1 demonstrates that in addition to bringing about heat loss responses, the increase firing rate of warm sensitive neurons inhibits nearby cold sensitive receptors preventing heat production. During pre-optic cooling the firing rate of warm sensitive neurons decreases thus reducing synaptic inhibition of the cold sensitive neurons. In turn the cold sensitive neurons increase their firing rate and induce heat production responses and heat memory board.The preoptic region is also convoluted in afferent signals, spy peripheral temperature changes through receptors in the skin. This information is integrated with central temperature information and the appropriate thermal response is activated.Most preoptic neurons are actually temperature insensitive, tho do serve a purpose in thermoregulation. It has been postulated that they are involved in the comparison of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from both warm sensitive and temperature insensitive neurons. It is this that forms the basis for set point temperatures, therefore playing a vital role in heat loss, heat retention and heat production responses. Figure 1 demonstrates the activity of a temperature insensitive neuron. If a neuron is inhibited by a warm sensitive neuron and excited by a temperature insensitive neuron it will act as a cold sensitive neuron. Once the preoptic temperature drops below a accredited point i.e. the set point, it will increases it firing rate and bring about heat production and heat retention responses.If thermoregulation does not operate properly it may result in fever. This can be caused by the presence of endogenous substances like pyrogen. Pyrogen affects the activity of the pre-optic thermosensitive neurons. It can inhibit the firing rate of the warm sensitive neurons resulting in heat loss responses not occurring and elevated set point temperature. Also because of the synaptic inhibition between the warm-sensitive and cold-sensitive neurons, this decreased firi ng rate will result in an increased firing rate in the cold-sensitive neurons and bring about heat production responses further elevating the set point temperature. As a result fever occurs.Skin blood flowThe preoptic area is able to coordinate correct efferent response in response to various internal and external thermal stimuli. One of these responses is the control of skin blood flow in humans. The vasodilation of blood vessels and the resultant increased blood flow to the skin is vital to heat dissipation during heat exposure. The increased skin blood flow significantly increases convective heat transfer from the body to the periphery. In conjunction with this increased skin blood flow, the evaporation of sweat from the skin results in cooling of blood in the dilated vessels. This process continues until the internal temperature returns to normal, at which point sweating pelf and skin blood flow returns to normal. Skin blood flow in humans is controlled by vasoconstrictor and v asodilator nerves. The vasoconstrictor system is continually active, detecting even detecting subtle changes in ambient temperature. Through this activity maintenance of normal body temperature is achieved. Even small changes in skin blood flow can cause relatively large changes in heat dissipation. The vasodilator system on the other hand is however activated when an increase in internal temperature is detected. This may be during exercise or as a result of environmental heat exposure. Humans have many eccrine sweat glands distributed around the body which are responsible for thermal sweating. These sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic nerves which when stimulated results in secretion. The sweating response is only of benefit when it is coupled with evaporative heat loss. It is for this reason that environmental conditions like humidity and wind speed play an important role in this thermoregulatory process. Sweating and vasodilation are functionally linked however changes in one does not necessarily reflect changes in the other. An example of this is during exercise, as the threshold for dermic vasodilation is increased bit the threshold for the sweating response is not. During exercise blood cannot be redirected to the skin at the same level as blood flow to the muscle must be maintained. During cold exposure vasoconstriction of blood vessels and the redirection of blood flow to the core is essential for heat retention. When vasoconstriction occurs its results in a decrease in heat dissipation from the skin. Any alteration in this process can have serious implications, impairing the bodys ability to thermoregulate. As temperature decreases further shivering occurs. These muscular contractions dish up to maintain core body temperature.Humans are not the only animals to utilize evaporative heat loss process. Despite the fact that most mammals do not have sweat glands many of them are able to use this process in different ways. Birds lack sweat glands and some mammals like cats or dogs only have sweat glands on their feet. In such animals evaporative heat loss occurs by increased air movement over moist mucosal surfaces of the mouth and upper respiratory tract. This is brought about by rapid shallow breathing along with increased salivation. Another way of utilizing this process is seen in rats and kangaroos when they spread saliva on their fur. Tests in rats have shown that warming of the pre optic area of the hypothalamus results in increased saliva secretion. It also resulted in body auxiliary which improves heat loss through the increase in effective body surface area.Many small mammals and those that hibernate exhibit another process in the thermoregulatory process. This process known as non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in response to the cold and it is regulated by the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus. It is a result of increased metabolic activity in the brown adipose tissue. The brown fat cells there are numerous fa t droplets interspersed with many mitochondria. The brown adipose tissue has a rich cut and is also innervated by many sympathetic nerves. In cold conditions this non-shivering thermogenesis is activated by impulses passing down these sympathetic nerves or by the vent of noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla. The free fatty acid store are burned up with the help of mitochondria and heat is produced. The rich blood supply to the area ensures blood is transported back to the core thus increasing core temperature. This process is seen in animals that hibernate, evident from the amount of brown fat found in such animals.Behavioural thermoregulationAs indicated before the preoptic region plays a key role in autonomic thermoregulation, it does not however play such an important role in behavioural thermoregulation. Currently there is a lack of knowledge to indicate exactly which area of the hypothalamus is involved in behavioural thermoregulation. Behavioural responses to changes in en vironmental temperature occur before the internal body temperature elevates. It is from this that the assumption has been make that receptors in the skin play a key role in behavioural thermoregulation. Research has shown that the neurons responding to thermal stimulation of the skin are located in the spinal cord, with the signals from these reach areas in the cerebral cortex. However these signals, whether detected as sweltering or cold, cannot be a direct cause of activating the behavioural process. The reasoning behind this is that if a cold stimulus is applied to the skin of a resting animal, they perceive this as unpleasant and move away from it. However during exercise the same cold stimulus applied to the skin may be perceived as pleasant. It is because of this that the behavioural mechanisms of thermoregulation appear to be based around thermal comfort and discomfort. It has been postulated that the parastrial nucleus and the dorsomedial hypothalamic region are involved in eliciting behavioural responses. Further research however needs to be done to confirm this, possibly by examining the effect of lesions of the two areas on behavioural responses. Once the area directly responsible for eliciting behavioural responses further research can then be done into the relationship between behavioural and autonomic responses.One example of an animal that exhibits mainly behavioural thermoregulation is the lounge lizard. Lizards are ectothermic mainly produceing heat from external sources. Lizards are able to maintain a relatively high body temperature, unlike most other ectotherms they can do this very precisely. Much research has been carried out into the thermoregulatory process of reptiles. An early concept that was developed was that of the preferred body temperature (PBT), which is related to homeostasis. The idea being that the PBT is the optimum temperature at which the animals physiological processes take place. The PBT varies across species and in some lizards the PBT can change along with the seasons. There are a number of different ways in which the lizard obtains heat from the environment. The absorption of solar radiation or the conduction from hot air or surfaces are the main ways in which lizards gain heat. If internal temperature is too high they may reduce this by radiation from the surface, convection or conduction to a cooler surface. Like other animals discussed before lizards are able to utilize evaporative cooling processes. In temperate climates lizards maintain a high PBT and obtain heat through absorption of solar radiation by basking in the sun, these are known as basking heliotherms. Different species of lizard exhibit different behaviour in relation to basking. The Lacerta vivipara emerges and begins to bask at a time when the activity temperature can be reached in the least time. This way they do not unnecessarily make themselves vulnerable to predators. Other lizards may emerge at a constant time independ ent of temperature. When basking lizards will adopt a specialized posture in order to maximise body surface area and thus maximising their heat gain from the surroundings. They do this by sprawling on the ground with outstretched legs. During the day lizards will alternate between periods of activity and periods of basking. When they achieved their activity temperature they will stop basking and may begin actively foraging for food. During this time their internal body temperature is continually dropping and once it reaches a certain point they will have to bask again. This is a continual cycle passim the day, observed in species known as shuttling heliotherms. Species which obtain most of their heat by conduction from hot rocks are known as thigmotherms, they are only able to in regions with piercing solar radiation. Although the information on how lizards monitor their body temperature and how they use this to elicit the appropriate behavioural response is limited, the assumpti on is made that they must have thermal receptors in the skin. While maintaining a high body temperature the lizard will exhibit a lower metabolic rate than mammals, the reason being that they obtain most of their heat by thermal radiation. However lizards do generate some heat by metabolism but as they do not have fur, feathers or other insulatory means seen in hometherms this heat is lost very quickly. Research has shown that heart rate can effect thermoregulation in these animals. During cooling the animals heart rate decreases thus decreasing blood flow and conserving heat. As seen in other animals, these reptiles exhibit some control over peripheral blood flow through the sympathetic vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels.Evolution of homethermyEndotherms like birds and mammals are different from ectotherms in that they have substantially higher standard metabolic rate. When the ambient temperature is reduced endotherms may raise their metabolic rate to generate heat, as opposed to ectotherms such as the lizard which simply allow their body temperature to drop. The evolution of this process of homeothermy may have occurred in stages with the first being the development of behavioural thermoregulation. As seen in the lizard this can become very precise. Once this level of thermoregulation had been achieved enzymes may have become adapted to function optimally at the PBT. Along with a stepwise increase in the importance of metabolic heat and development of fur, feathers and subcutaneous fat to retain the heat homeothermy eventually evolved.Consequences of homethermyThe evolution of homethermy has many advantages, in that it gives such animals independence from changes in environmental temperature. There are however some downfalls to this process. In order to maintain their high body temperature they must also maintain a high metabolic rate. To do so homeothermic animals must eat a lot more than poikiotherms and they must do so continually. This c an be a big problem for small mammals or birds which lose heat fairly quickly. These smaller animals must feed voraciously just to maintain their body temperature.Adaptions to coldMany animals have had to adapt to survive in climates where they are exposed to severe cold conditions. There is a number of ways in which they do this, either through migration, adapting itself to tolerate the cold or it can go into hibernation. Some poikiotherms such as faced with extreme cold have demonstrated adaptions to avoid freezing through the secretion of glycerol. Through this they are able to reduce the freezing point of the body fluids. Another adaption to go extreme cold conditions is known as supercooling. This phenomenon is the ability to tolerate temperatures lower than the typical freezing point. One experiment demonstrated that fish taken from bass water had a freezing point between -0.9 and -1.0 C, yet the temperature of the water from which they were taken was -1.73C. Thus they are d emonstrating supercooling. It is through this process that deep water fish are able to survive such low temperatures. Another adaption to climatic stress is hibernation. During hibernation, body temperature decreases to approximately that of the surrounding environment. Heart rate and metabolic rate also drop to a minimal level. Animals that hibernate are homeothermic during the summer but under the cold conditions of winter they become poikilothermic. During hibernation the animal stay inactive with greatly reduced metabolic requirements. The animal sustains these small requirements through its energy stores. If surrounding conditions get too low the animals metabolic rate may increase to generate heat.Some species also exhibit another process in regulating their body temperature. This process is a cycle between phases of intense activity with phases of torpor. This is a daily cycle exhibited in small birds and mammals that have high metabolic rates. An animal that exhibits such b ehaviour is the insectivorous bat. Their particular free-flying habits inhibit them from carrying large energy stores. Studies have shown that torpor is important in energy maintenance during the summer diurnal roosting of the N. geoffroy.While resting, the energetic cost of maintaining aconstant, high (normothermic) body temperature (Tb) in smallbats rises steeply when ambient temperature (Ta) decreases belowabout 30_C (Herreid and Schmidt-Nielsen 1966 Kulzer etal. 1970 Genoud 1993 Geiser and Brigham 2000). Hence, thermoregulationthroughout the diurnal rest phase can be energeticallyexpensive, even at relatively high roost Ta. Furthermore,during cool weather, insect activity and therefore foragingsuccess and energy intake of insectivorous bats typically declinesdramatically (Paige 1995 Hickey and Fenton 1996). Torpor islikely an important factor in allowing insectivorous bats tomanage their energy expenditure nd survive in temperate climates