What are the strengths and failures of the Battle of Maldon and the ?related texts? as evidence for the structure of English Society :: essays research papers fc

What are the strengths and failures of the Battle of Maldon and the related schoolbookbooks as evidence for the structure of English SocietyThe Battle of Maldon is a medieval text depicting a battle between English warriors and Danish invaders. Earl Byrtnoth was commanding the warriors in the name of King thelred. The poem portrays the heroism of the bravest warriors and the sheer cowardice of those that fled. dissension over the aim of the poem is apparent as Sragg says that the poets style of writing is so hyperbolic that it robs what little of trustworthiness there is. On the one evanesce there is little doubt that the battle happened and in this sense the poem is accurate, however very little archaeological evidence has been found around that historical sight to consolidate the poems content. Another problem may well lie in the later translations of the text especially before 1725 and the Cotton Library fire. When reproductionists began to copy the text they may well have lost some of the meaning of the poem by the way they understand it, they are likely to translate the text to fit contemporary understanding.It is possible to see that the church appears to play a major role in the society of the English in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Lines one carbon and one to one hundred and five display a deeply engrained belief in fate and Gods communicate in it, There against the fierce ones stood readyByrtnoth with his menThen the fight was nigh,glory in combat the time had comewhen cursed men essential fall there. It is possible to see that there was a deeply engrained belief, in the higher circles of society especially, that if you died on the battle field then God had fated you to do so. Also the use of glory indicates a connection with religion as glory and glorification are synonymous with Christ, God, and religion in general. This mind is backed up by lines one hundred and seventy three to one hundred and eighty whereby a fallen warrior believ es that they will reach paradise in Gods peace. This idea would no doubt be reflected through society as lines two hundred and five to two hundred and eight suggest that society acknowledges the bravest, a lord would expect his warriors to avenge his death or lose his life in the process. The church also play a major role as a buttress to the Kings legitimacy and power.

The whitlam government Essay -- essays research papers

The Whitlam Government (1972 1975) introduced many ideas that impacted on all the nation of Australia. There may have been impediments that prevented the Whitlam Government from introducing new ideas, such as the Senate. Nevertheless in three years the Whitlam Government managed to win the hearts of many Australians. In their three year reign the Whitlam Government managed to create Medibank, establish firm relations with the great unwasheds Republic of China, establish the Department of fundamental Affairs (Giving all Aboriginals a voice), obtained responsibility for tertiary education over from the states and eradicated tertiary fees, and establishing Supporting Mothers Benefits. These were save a few of their achievements.Gough Whitlam had previously seen and heard of the Medical health scheme dodges based at U.K. which he favoured. The constitution was the barrier to introducing a health scheme in Australia, and the civil conscription clause. Medibank and other health schem es were designed to avoid civil conscription and provide health distribute service based on Government finance.Whitlams aim in creating this system was to break the connection between healthcare and money. Whitlam wanted to break free from the hindrance of money he wanted healthcare system based on health needs of people rather than the importance of money requirements.In 1972, the introduction of universal health insurance system known as Medibank (now Medicare) was born. It provided significant benefits to the population of Australia who had previously not been able to afford sufficient medical care it declined private medicine and commenced to pay 85% of medical and hospital fees. Medibank provided inexpensive treatment by hospitals and doctors to all permanent citizens of Australia. Medicare is publicly funded tax surcharge that comes under the title of Medicare levy which add to the scheme. People with low income are excluded which follows a good example. People earning a hig h income pay a higher tax therefore compensating the loss of low stipendiary workers.Medibank made a vast impact on all the Australian society, as now many people could afford sufficient medical care chiefly people who were still tormented from poverty.The disadvantages might to some people be that the higher they earn the more they have to pay in tax for the Medicare levy.The Whitlam Government had established a... ... of the House of Representatives or a double dissolution and the only way possible for that to happen, was by the dismissal of Whitlam and his colleagues. Opposition parties of Whitlam had affirmed they would only pass the bill only if Whitlam called an election for the House of Representatives. This could not be agreed upon, so a double dissolution (simultaneous election for all members in both houses) had to be called.Kerr could have appropriately notified Malcolm Fraser that the recurrent postponement of Supply had shaped and unbearable constitutional crisis and that the first steps could be taken to delay it if Fraser would choose one of the two alternatives. These were to instruct supporters in the Senate to pass Appropriation bills, or to reject Supply outright. The first option would have resolved the crisis the guerilla would have left Kerr to seek further advice from responsible ministers.Also, Kerr could have arranged Whitlam a half-senate election, so long as the basic services of government would not subside and that Whitlam take notice of the effect of the election if it did not determine the crisis.These both alternatives were open to Governor General Kerr.

Learning to Control My Obsessive Behavior Essay -- Personal Narrative

Learning to Control My Obsessive BehaviorReflecting on my childhood, I realize that I moldinessiness have been the only eleven-year old to receive ulcers and migraines on a regular basis. From what the doctors informed me, these medical problems were not from lack of sleep or nutrition yet from excessive stress, the kind of stress that middle aged people endure due to their job, kids, or even taxes. The interesting thing is that my home life was utterly secure. I couldnt have asked for a better family. My mom raised me as a well-rounded individual as she had me constantly involved in clubs, sports, and music. I had many penny-pinching friends, and even attended a safe school. Despite all of these factors, I insisted on worrying myself sick daily. I would be unconditional and obsessive about every little detail in life such as, my dog needing a flea bath, my neighbors getting along, or losing material possessions. I would be compulsive and obsessive about every detail in life. I demanded cleanliness and organization at all times. This meant that if things were not done clean around the house, than without question, I would clean it myself. I would work on my homework until it was totally finished, even if it meant staying up all night. Though my sports and friends were a form of release and relaxation, I was never able to reach this point without being subconsciously concerned with other things. My primary concerns in life were beyond petty. I distinctly remember a day when I was at the elementary level. I was going to have a friend over after school for the first time. From the moment I woke up until she left my house, I was constantly fretting on my house being clean enough, and if she was having fun. I tried so hard to make a good impression ... ...while still having a wonderful day. Two years ago I would have never considered being spontaneous before finals week and nowadays I am having the time of my life while successfully squeezing in the boring st uff. We may think a change such as this may disrupt that perfect GPA or cause one to get into trouble. Though for me, these changes are for the better. I have reorganized my priorities, and I back tooth make more carefree decisions about how I spend my time. I know now that life is so abundant with random opportunities and beautiful people. We must soak up every experience that fixs our way. Education isnt always about airfielding for a letter grade to impress the parents. I intend to study abroad next year and while putting my educational skills to use, I plan on adding to my lifelong memory book and practicing that well cross that bridge when we come to it attitude.

Symbols, Symbolism, and Metaphor in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Ga

allegorys and Symbolisms in The Great Gatsby In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses many different metaphors and symbolisms to express his point. In this bear witness the point that I wish to make is how Fitzgerald uses colour to develop meet, feelings, and scenery depiction to let the reader feel the emotions and other aspects being portray in that particular part in the book. Like every other examine one must address the major points that will be addressed. This essay suggests the hopefulness of Nicks pretend in the East and of Gatsbys dream to win Daisy. Fitzgerald uses the colors of white and green as suggestions of future promise. As the novel unfolds and the uselessness of the dream is developed, the colors become garish shades such as gold, silver, and pink. White and green are shown throughout the beginning of the novel, first, through green and white luminous light. Daisy is endlessly shown in white. When Nick first sees his cousin ( Daisy), she is wearing a white dress. In my mind, white depicts virginity, innocence, honesty, wealth, and the appearance of cleanliness. Later on I will cover how this image of Daisy is false. She is extremely corrupt, and all her actions are based on self-gratitude. Green is also portrayed in the earlier parts of this novel. It is a symbol of hope. This plausibly is referring to Gatsbys moment chance at romance with Daisy, and his dream with America being able to make all your dreams come true. Gatsby believes that there is hope for his future human relationship with Daisy. We wad his r... ... being swollen with silver, as if to say that it was done in a bad way. The last color portrayed heavily when discussing the character of Gatsby is pink. go is a sign of embarrassment. When Gatsby states that Daisy never loved Tom, she has always been in love with him, he was shocked to hear from her own mouth that she loved both of them. This situated Gatsby in a very u ncomfortable situation and this event finally brought him over the edge. Over the course of this novel we saw how the plot slowly changes from the thick and groovy life of the wealthy, to the stubborn, arrogant, and selfish values that each of these characters possessed, especially Gatsby. Corruption reigned so high in their society it was viewed as something to be of usual nature. Symbols, Symbolism, and Metaphor in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Ga Metaphors and Symbolisms in The Great Gatsby In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses many different metaphors and symbolisms to express his point. In this essay the point that I wish to make is how Fitzgerald uses colors to develop image, feelings, and scenery depiction to let the reader feel the emotions and other aspects being portrayed in that particular part in the book. Like every other essay one must address the major points that will be addressed. This essay suggests the hopefulne ss of Nicks venture in the East and of Gatsbys dream to win Daisy. Fitzgerald uses the colors of white and green as suggestions of future promise. As the novel unfolds and the uselessness of the dream is developed, the colors become garish shades such as gold, silver, and pink. White and green are shown throughout the beginning of the novel, first, through green and white luminous light. Daisy is constantly shown in white. When Nick first sees his cousin (Daisy), she is wearing a white dress. In my mind, white depicts virginity, innocence, honesty, wealth, and the appearance of cleanliness. Later on I will discuss how this image of Daisy is false. She is extremely corrupt, and all her actions are based on self-gratitude. Green is also portrayed in the earlier parts of this novel. It is a symbol of hope. This probably is referring to Gatsbys second chance at romance with Daisy, and his dream with America being able to make all your dreams come true. Gatsby believes that there is hope for his future relationship with Daisy. We view his r... ... being swollen with silver, as if to say that it was done in a bad way. The last color portrayed heavily when discussing the character of Gatsby is pink. Pink is a sign of embarrassment. When Gatsby states that Daisy never loved Tom, she has always been in love with him, he was shocked to hear from her own mouth that she loved both of them. This placed Gatsby in a very uncomfortable situation and this event finally brought him over the edge. Over the course of this novel we saw how the plot slowly changes from the rich and exquisite life of the wealthy, to the stubborn, arrogant, and selfish values that each of these characters possessed, especially Gatsby. Corruption reigned so high in their society it was viewed as something to be of usual nature.

Scott Joplin :: essays research papers

Scott Joplin was know as the kings of rag cartridge clip. I will explain also explain how he grew up and what role of music he played. I will also write about why I believe he deserves the title that he has been bestowed upon him.The first thing I will prattle about is the type of music he is know for which gave him that name. Most people listen to the type of music he composed but next to n ace know who or how it was composed. There seems to be an abundance of music fans who know little or nothing about the origin of their music. By discussing what he has thoroughgoing(a) it will explain why he is considered to be so important to his type of music.Rag time as it is most commonly know was the type of fast(a) paced music played around 1885 in St. Louis. Scott Joplin was born in 1868 and lived until 1917, but has done a lot in his life span. He was one of the first African Americans to be know as a composer. Born in Texarkana, Texas to a large family with musical background, he be gan learning to play the guitar and beagle, and gained dethaw piano lessons by showing such fast progression to his teachers. After death of his mother, he left the house at age fourteen. He intimate much relieve oneself traveling through Mississippi playing in local spots and learning form what was offered to him. In 1885 he arrived in St. Louis, at the time a center for a new music phenomenon called ragtime.Ragtime, also called ragged rhythm, was first a piano style know for its fast paced beats. It first came into the publics eye in 1893 when he performed an instrumental ensemble at the World Exposition in Chicago. His originally developed style of rag time know as Maple Leaf Rag First came on the scene in a club in Sedalia, Missouri as his own form of ragtime. In 1899 He gained nationwide popularity after selling over one million copies worldwide.After this Joplin tried to make this new from of piano style he had grown to love more widely know form of music In 1911 he finishe d an opera called Treemonisha, designed to reach this status. Sadly this opera was not well accepted by the public and caused him to slip into a state of depression.

Scott Joplin :: essays research papers

Scott Joplin was know as the kings of ragtime. I will explain also explain how he grew up and what type of music he played. I will also write most why I believe he deserves the title that he has been bestowed upon him.The foremost thing I will talk about is the type of music he is know for which gave him that name. Most people listen to the type of music he composed but next to none know who or how it was composed. There seems to be an abundance of music fans who know little or nothing about the origin of their music. By discussing what he has accomplished it will explain why he is considered to be so important to his type of music.Rag time as it is most commonly know was the type of fast paced music played around 1885 in St. Louis. Scott Joplin was born in 1868 and lived until 1917, but has done a the great unwashed in his life span. He was one of the first African Americans to be know as a composer. Born in Texarkana, Texas to a large family with tuneful background, he began l earning to play the guitar and beagle, and gained free piano lessons by showing such fast progression to his teachers. After death of his mother, he left the stick out at age fourteen. He learned much pulp traveling through Mississippi playing in local spots and learning form what was offered to him. In 1885 he arrived in St. Louis, at the time a center for a new music phenomenon called ragtime.Ragtime, also called ragged rhythm, was first a piano style know for its fast paced beats. It first came into the publics eye in 1893 when he performed an instrumental ensemble at the World Exposition in Chicago. His primarily developed style of rag time know as Maple Leaf Rag First came on the scene in a club in Sedalia, Missouri as his own form of ragtime. In 1899 He gained nationwide popularity after selling over one million copies worldwide.After this Joplin tried to bewilder this new from of piano style he had grown to love more widely know form of music In 1911 he finished an opera house called Treemonisha, designed to reach this status. Sadly this opera was not well accepted by the public and caused him to slip into a state of depression.

Consider the Scale on Which Payless Operate

MINUTES ON MEETING HELD AT THE CHURCH PREMISES (FIRST GALLERY) ON THE SUNDAY, 2ND September, 2012 MEMBERS PRESENT 1. The President 2. Vice President 3. The 18 Appointed Executives ABSENT 1. 2 Appointed Executives AGENDA 1. Presidents address 2. Plan for the year 3. Form of delivery 4. Achievement of plan 5. reach up single ministries in other branches/Ghana ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION ACTION 1. OPENING The confluence started at 1 07 pm with an arising prayer by the President INTRODUCTION 1. The meeting was organized for the newly appointed Singles Executives to deliberate on issues and propose suggestions pertaining to the Singles Ministry. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS 1. The President welcomed members to the maiden meeting and took a roll call of members present. He advised that members contribution was very vital to the mastery of the meeting, hence their opinion will be required during the meeting. PLAN FOR THE YEAR Members proposed the follow ing topics 1.How to be found 2. 0 2. How to choose a life fellow 3. Understanding of single hood 4. Sustaining relationship before marriage 5.Staying holy before marriage 6. Ethics of a family life 7. Love,Romance,Sex 8. What marriage is (concept of arriage) 9. Maximizing your dominance as a single (networking) 10. Packaging yourself for the cooperate world 11. Things to say / not say 12.Dos /donts 13. Spirtual aspect of singlehood 14. What is love 15.Is love essential for marriage 16. Proposing right 17. How women should carry themselves 18.Focus group discussions (men/women ) OTHERS 19. Cooking competition 20. Video shows 21.Deliverance section 2. 1 22. Outing (Beach, Sports, Swimming pool Botifalls, Esukyuari) Members were asked by the President to project Emails of topics to Vice President by mid week for collation. FORM OF DELIVERY OF PLAN The plan above will be in action as follows thro ugh Seminars Quiz competition Teaching 2. Sermon ACHIEVEMENT OF PLAN The achievement of plan will be based on what team members beam to Vice President TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR MEMBERS 2. 3 1.Bringing more singles on board (Musical shows, godliness concerts & variety night) , T-shirt, Target universities 2. Innovate ways to resurrect funds 2. 4 Protocol Team, P. R Team & Organizing 3.Get a name for the Ministry Team 4. Day of meetings/programme 5.Implementation of all plans SETTING UP SINGLE MINISTRIES IN OTHER BRANCHES/GHANA Involving of other branches and Conferences for Ghana Will done by the President/Vice President MEETING DAYS Members agreed that meetings be changed to Saturday nights and the next Single Meeting will be on 2. Saturday, 29th September, 2012 Next meeting for Single Executives is Sunday, 16th September, 2012 P. R Team & Organizing Team CLOSING T he meeting ended at 150pm and Mr. Kelvin Tibu (Praise &Worship Team) gave the closing prayer. Finance Team 3. All Executives Prayer Team Protocol Team Praise & Worship Team and Organizing Team All Executives 4. 0

Analysis of Kingfisher. Essay

Introduction baronfisher lineline is a private airline based in Bangalore, India. The airlines owned by Vijay M completelyya of United Beverages Group. Kingfisher Airlines started its operations on May 9, 2005 with a fleet of 4 Airbus A320 aircrafts. The airline currently operates on domestic routes. The destinations covered by Kingfisher Airlines atomic number 18 Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Goa, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Cochin, Guwahati, Kolkata, Pune, Agartala, Dibrugarh, Mangalore and Jaipur.In a all of a sudden span of time Kingfisher Airline has carved a niche for itself. The airline offers several unique armed go to its customers. These include ain valet at the aerodrome to assist in luggage handling and boarding, accompanied with refreshments and music at the drome, audio and video on-demand, with extra-wide personalized screens in the aircraft and three-course gourmet cuisine.Kingfisher is champion of only 6 airlines in the world to have a 5 star rating from Sky tax, along with Asian Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines and Cathay Pacific Airways. In a short span of time Kingfisher Airline has carved a niche for itself. The airline offers several unique services to its customers.These include personal valet at the airport to assist in baggage handling and boarding, exclusive lounges with private space, accompanied with refreshments and music at the airport, audio and video on-demand, with extra-wide personalized screens in the aircraft, tie beam shoess with extendable footrests, and three-course gourmet cuisine.HISTORYKingfisher Airlines is a subsidiary of the UB Group, one of the largest beverage companies in the world. The branding of the airline is linked to that of Kingfisher Beer, Indias largest brewery. The airline, which is headed by the magnetic Dr Vijay Mallya, took to the skies in May 2005, and attracted attention for its high quality product with personal in flight entertainment in both seat custom upcountry designs for each aircraft valet assistance at airports and laudatory hot food and beverages.The airline initially operated a single year service but later on introduced a highly acclaimed First Class, allowing it to compete with Jet Airways for the high yield corporate market. In addition to its A320 family aircraft used on domestic routes, Kingfisher Airlines overly operates ATR-72 turboprops on regional sectors.Under current Indian regulations, which require airlines to operate 5 years domestic service before being granted supranationalistic rights, Kingfisher result not be permitted to operate overseas until 2010. However, the airline has very clear international ambitions, with an order book for 45 wide body aircraft, including A330s, A340s, A350s and A380s.In fitting over ii years, Kingfisher Airlines has achieved a market share of 10% and has one of the most aggressive expansion plans of all Indian carriers during 2007. In Jun-07, it dramatically increase i ts influence in the market with the acquisition of a 26% shareholding in Indias largest LCC, Air Dec go off, for approximately USD130 million, and an open offer for a further 20%.Through schedule coordination and joint operations in ground handling, training, and maintenance, the carriers are projecting annual price savings of over USD70 million. There will also be greater coordination between the two brands, with Air Deccan to adopt the Kingfisher image in its logo and to switch to a red, rather than a blue subterfuge scheme.The combined Kingfisher/Deccan group has a market share of just over 30% and a product range spanning from the price-sensitive, first-time flyer, to the high yield business prompter, devising I tone of the key pillars of the airline industry. The airline which started its operation on 9th May 2005, following the lease of 4 Airbus A320 aircraft. As of July 2007, Kingfisher operates only on domestic routes however it has announced plans to start flights to th e USA with Airbus A380 aircraft.The airline isowned by the United Beverages Group under the leadership of Vijay Mallya (which also owns the popular Indian beer of the like name). The airline promises to suit the needs of air travelers and to provide reasonable air fares. Kingfisher Airlines main luxury component is its In-Flight Entertainment System, a first among Indian airlines. The airliners in-flight erratic Phone and Internet Services will be provided by On Air starting 2008 for long haul flights.VISIONThe Kingfisher Airlines family will consistently refund a safe, observe-based and enjoyable travel experience to all our guests. VALUESSafetyThis is our overriding value. In our line of business, there is no compromise. ServiceWe are all in the hospitality business we must always seek to serve our guests and gain their trust, goodwill and loyalty.HappinessWe seek to build an organization with people who strike to be happy, and will Endeavour to influence our guests and co-wo rkers to be happy too. TeamworkWe will succeed or fail as a team. Each one of us must respect our colleagues regardless of their rank, and we must work to rewardher to ensure our mutual success. AccountabilityEach one of us will be held accountable for the successful execution of our duties, commitments and obligations, and we will strive to lead by instance.MISSIONKingfisher Airlines will have Fly the Good Times approach and this will reflect in the experience we will offer to passengers. SERVICESDOMESTICKingfisher FirstThe domestic Kingfisher First sit down have a 48 inch seat pitch and a 126 degree seat recline.There are lap surpass and mobile phone chargers on every seat. Passengers can avail of the latest international in the buffspapers and magazines. There is also a steam ironing service on board Kingfisher First confines. Every seat is equipped with a personalized IFE carcass with AVOD which offers a wide range of Hollywood and Bollywood movies, English andHindi TV pro grammers, 16 live TV channels and 10 channels of Kingfisher Radio. Passengers also get BOSE noise cancellation headphones.Domestic Kingfisher First is only available on selected Airbus A320 family aircraft. Kingfisher ClassThe domestic Kingfisher Class has 32-34 inch seat pitch.Every seat is equipped with personal IFE systems with AVOD on-board the Airbus A320 family aircraft. As in Kingfisher First, passengers can access movies, English and Hindi TV programmers, a few live TV channels powered by kayo TV, and Kingfisher Radio.The screen is construeled by a controller-console on the seat armrest. Ear cup headphones are provided free of exist to all passengers. The default channel shows, alternating every few seconds, the aero planes ground speed, outside temperature, altitude, distance and time to destination, the position of the aircraft on a graphical map, and one or more advertisements. Passengers are served meals on most flights. Before take-off, passengers are served bottled lemonade.Economy class meal on-board a Kingfisher Airlines domestic flight. Kingfisher RedAfter Kingfisher Airlines acquired Air Deccan, its name was changed to Simplify Deccan and later on to Kingfisher Red. Kingfisher Red is Kingfisher Airlines low-cost class on domestic routes. A special edition of Cine Blitz magazine is the only reading substantial provided.Kingfisher Airlines is the first airline in India to extend its King ball club universal flyer program to its low-cost carrier as well. Passengers can earn King Miles even when they fly Kingfisher Red, which they can redeem for free tickets to travel on Kingfisher Airlines or partner airlines. INTERNATIONALKingfisher FirstThe international Kingfisher First has full flat- hit the sack seats with a 180 degree recline, with a seat pitch of 78 inches, and a seat width of 20-24.54 inches.32 Passengers are given Merino wool blankets, a Salvatore Ferragamo toiletry kit, a pyjama to change into, five-course meals and alcoholic be verages. Also available are in-seat massagers, chargers and USB connectors.Every Kingfisher First seat has a 17 inch widescreen personal television with AVOD touch screen controls and offers 357 hours of programming content spread over 36 channels, including Hollywood and Bollywood movies along with 16 channels of live TV, so passengers can watch their favorite TV programmers live. There is also a collection of interactive games, a jukebox with customizable playlists and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers are given BOSE noise cancellation headphones.The service on board the Kingfisher First cabins includes a social area comprising a full-fledged bar staffed with a bartender, a break-out seating area just nearby fitted with two couches and bar stools, a full-fledged chef on board the aircraft and any-time dining. A turn-down service includes the conversion of the seat into a fully flat bed and an air-hostess making the bed when the passenger is ready to sleep.Both Kingfisher First and King fisher classes feature mood lighting on the Airbus A330-200 with light schemes corresponding to the time of day and flight position. Kingfisher ClassThe international Kingfisher Class seats offer a seat pitch of 34 inches, a seat width of 18 inches and a seat recline of 25 degrees (6 inches). Passengers get full length modacrylic blankets, full size pillows and meals.Each Kingfisher Class seat has a 10.6 inch widescreen personal television with AVOD touch screen controls. The IFE is homogeneous to that of the international Kingfisher First class. It can also be controlled by a detachable remote-control console fitted in the armrest. This device can be used to control the IFE, reading-lights, play games and even has a credit-card swipe for shopping on Kingfishers Air Boutique. It also has a facility for sending text-messages, though the service isnt provided by Kingfisher. CARGOKingfisher XpressKingfisher Xpress is a natural Door-to-Door cargo delivery service from Kingfisher Airli nes. Kingfisher Xpress same day service will be Indiasfirst and only same day delivery by air service. In-flight entertainmentKingfishers IFE system is the Thales Top Series i3000/i4000 on-board the Airbus A320 family aircraft, and Thales Top Series i5000 on-board the Airbus A330 family aircraft provided by the France-based Thales Group.Kingfisher was the first Indian airline to have in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems on every seat even on domestic flights. All passengers were given a acceptable kit consisting of goodies such as a pen, facial tissue and headphones to use with the IFE system. Now, passengers of Kingfisher class are not given welcome kits but, as mentioned earlier, a complimentary bottle of lemonade and earphones for use with the IFE are still given.The in flight magazines are special editions of magazines owned by Mallyas media publishing house (VJM Media) viz. Hi Blitz for domestic flights and Hi Living for international flights. Initially, passengers were able to watch only recorded TV programming on the IFE system, but later an adhesiveness was formed with Dish TV to provide live TV in-flight.34 And in a marked departure from tradition, Kingfisher Airlines decided to have an on-screen safety demonstration exploitation the IFE system however the conventional safety briefing by the flight attendants still exists on many flights. King purchase orderThe Frequent-flyer program of Kingfisher Airlines is called the King Club in which members earn King Miles every time they fly with Kingfisher or its partner airlines, hotels, car rental, finance and lifestyle businesses. There are four levels in the scheme Red, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels. Members can redeem points for over a number of schemes. Platinum, Gold and Silver members enjoy access to the Kingfisher Lounge, priority check-in, excess baggage allowance, bonus miles, and 3 Kingfisher First upgrade vouchers for Gold membership. Platinum members get 5 upgrade vouchers. Kingfisher Lou ngeKingfisher Lounges are offered to Kingfisher First passengers, along with King Club Silver and King Club Gold members. Lounges are located in Bangalore external AirportChennai world(prenominal) AirportChhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai)Cochin International Airport (Kochi)Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)London Heathrow Airport straighten outaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport (Kolkata)Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad)However, note that the airline has suspended operation in London, Kochi, Kolkata and Hyderabad.AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTSKingfisher Airlines frequent flyer programme, King Club has won Top Honors at the 21st Annual Freddie Awards in the Japan, Pacific, Asia and Australia region. King Club has won the Freddie Awards 2008 in the following categories go around Bonus Promotion ruff Customer ServiceBest Member Communications (First Runner-up)Best Award Redemption (First Runner-up)Best Elite Level (Second Runner-up)Best Websi te (Second Runner-up)Program of the Year (Second Runner-up)Kingfisher Airlines has received three global awards at the Skytrax World Airline Awards 2010 Named Best Airline In India / Central Asia Best Cabin clump Central Asia. Kingfisher RED named Best Low Cost Airline in India / Central Asia. NDTV win Business Leadership Award for melodic phrase.Indias only 5 Star airline, rated by Skytrax and 6th airline in the world. Rated Indias Second Buzziest stigmatize 2008 by The Brand Reporter. Ranked amongst Indias Top Service Brands of 2008 by Pitch Magazine. Voted as Indias Favorite Airline.Rated as Asia Pacifics Top Airline Brand.Brand Leadership Award.Economic Times Avaya Award 2006 for truth in Customer Responsiveness. Indias No. 1 Airline in customer satisfaction by Business World. Ratedamongst Indias most respected companies by Business World. Rated amongst Indias 25 Innovative Companies by Plan man Media in 2006. The Best Airline and Indias Favorite Carrier in a Survey conduc ted by IMB for The Times of India. Best New Domestic Airline for Excellent Services and Cuisine by Pacific Area Travel Writers joining (PATWA). Service Excellence 2005-2006 for a New Airline by Skytrax.Ranked third in the survey on Indias Most Successful Brand launch of 2005 under the Brand Derby Survey conducted by Business Standard. Busiest Brands of 2005 by agency fans and The Brand Reporter. Rated amongst the Top Ten Internet Advertisers by Yahoo.Rated amongst the top ten in the Best Television Commercial Jingles by NDTV. Best New Airline of the Year Award for 2005 by Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) Award in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East region. Listed in the top 100 most trusted brand in The Brand Trust Report.POLITICAL FACTORS1) turn over sky policy2) FDI limits 100% for Greenfield airports74% for the existing airports100% through special permission49% for airlinesECONOMICAL FACTORS1) Contribution to the Indian economy.2) Rising cost of fuel.3) Investment in the s ector of aviation.4) The growth of the middle income group family affects the aviation sector.SOCIAL FACTORS1) Development of cities leads to better services and airports. 2) Employment opportunities.3) Safety regulations.4) The status attribute attached to a plane travel.TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS1) The growth of e-commerce and e-ticketing.2) Satellite based navigation system.3) Modernisation and privatisation of the airports.4) Developing green field airports with private sector for example in Bangalore the airport corporation limited. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS1) The increase in the global warming.2) The sudden and unexpected behavior of the atmosphere and the dependency on whether. 3) Shortage of the infrastructural substance4) Tourism saturation.LEGAL FACTORS1) FDI limits2) Bilateral treaties3) Airlines acquisitions and the leasing cost.STRENGTHSStrong brand value and reputation in the minds of customers. flavour of the service.Route rationalization.First airline to have a new fleet o f airbuses.Quality and continuous innovation.WEAKNESSESStill a not in profit organization.High ticket price.Facing a tough competition from competitors.OPPORTUNITIESThe expanding tourism industry.The non penetrated domestic market.International market.Untapped air cargo market.THREATSCompetitorsInfrastructure issues.Fuel price hike.Tourism saturationEconomic slowdown.Promotions and sponsorship declining.STP ANALYSISSEGMENTATION geographical RegionDensitySocial ClassesIncome LevelTARGETINGKingfisher Firstcompany executivesKingfisher Classlower middle, upper middle, lower upper segmentPOSITIONINGLifestyleBenefitsQualityPsPRODUCTFleet SizeAircraftsInternational ForayPROMOTIONSAdvertisementsMagazine and Newspaper adsExposure at non-corporate eventParticipation in International Air showsEndorsing celebrities likeKatrina Kaif and Yana GuptaPRICEDynamic pricing model Multiple fare levelsUniform rulesNo hidden restrictions.Pricing model 8 divergent levelsDiscounts provided from time to t imePEOPLEBackbone of the brandExtensive trainingsHospitality industry and consider their customer as guestsInterpersonal skills, aptitude, and service knowledge dwellingOnline Booking www.flykingfisher.comOnline Booking Yatra.com, MakeMyTrip.com, ezeego1.comCredit Cards & Debit Cards PaymentSMS / CallOutlets in every major city and at every airport across the country PHYSICAL EVIDENCEPersonal valetsExclusive lounge spaceHi BlitzGourmet cuisineworld class cabin crew5 trendy video- Fun TV 10 music stations -Kingfisher RadioPROCESSBooking the ticket online booking or tele-booking or from any of the kingfisher outletCOMPETITORSCompanySales(Rs.Million)CurrentPriceChange (%)P/E Ratio marketCap.(Rs.Million)52-WeekHigh/LowJet Airways (I)127768.30305.856.380.0026405.26518/167 change Jet28795.0829.508.660.0014288.3243/15Kingfisher Airlines62333.7912.952.780.008747.0844/13Global Vectra Helico2315.759.70-0.100.00135.8026/9Jagson Airlines97.254.102.500.0082.6910/3MARKET SHAREPROFIT & LOSS re citalMar11Mar10Mar09Mar08Jun0712 Months12 Months12 Months12 Months12 MonthsINCOMESales Turnover6,233.385,067.925,269.171,456.281,800.21Excise concern0.000.000.000.000.00NET SALES6,233.385,067.925,269.171,456.281,800.21Other Income0.000.000.000.000.00TOTAL INCOME6,422.585,140.005,863.601,504.921,830.19EXPENDITUREManufacturing Expenses3,466.832,911.813,715.471,297.511,597.06Material Consumed56.6940.8951.1943.7945.94Personal Expenses680.54689.38825.42244.96247.72Selling Expenses659.07687.02683.8285.0017.90Administrative Expenses426.21418.41546.47110.20154.00Expenses Capitalised0.000.000.000.000.00Provisions Made0.000.000.000.000.00TOTAL EXPENDITURE5,289.344,747.515,822.361,781.462,062.61Operating Profit944.04320.41-553.19-325.17-262.40EBITDA1,133.24392.4941.24-276.54-232.42Depreciation203.02162.80133.2018.2817.67Other Write-offs38.0154.4938.3918.3126.25EBIT892.20175.20-130.35-313.13-276.34Interest2,340.322,245.592,029.33434.44466.05EBT-1,448.12-2,070.39-2,159.68-747.57-742.39Taxes-455 .35-700.00-546.38-494.453.40Profit and Loss for the Year-992.76-1,370.39-1,613.30-253.12-745.79Non Recurring Items-107.62-405.384.4764.98312.12Other Non money Adjustments72.9931.280.00-0.914.09Other Adjustments0.0097.270.000.970.00REPORTED PAT-1,027.40-1,647.22-1,608.83-188.14-419.58KEY ITEMSPreference Dividend0.000.000.000.000.00 equity Dividend0.000.000.000.000.00Equity Dividend (%)0.000.000.000.000.00Shares in Issue (Lakhs)4,977.792,659.092,659.091,357.991,354.70EPS Annualised (Rs)-20.64-61.95-60.50-18.47-30.97CASHFLOW STATEMENTParticularsMar11Mar10Mar09Mar08Jun07Profit Before Tax-1,520.78-2,417.92-2,155.21-682.59-416.18Net notes Flows from Operating Activity-2.23-1,665.09-645.78-541.52-552.58Net Cash Used in Investing Activity38.05235.13206.6313.82119.48Net Cash Used in Financing Activity-81.721,464.55290.11-9.23993.68Net Inc/Dec in Cash and Cash Equivalent-45.9034.60-149.04-536.93560.57Cash and Cash Equivalent Beginning of the Year206.47171.87320.91817.05256.47Cash and Equi valent End of the Year160.57206.47171.87280.12817.05 sense of balance SHEETParticularsMar11Mar10Mar09Mar08Jun07Liabilities12 Months12 Months12 Months12 Months12 MonthsShare Capital1,053.83370.39371.02145.89135.47 militia & Surplus-4,005.02-4,268.84-2,496.3652.99249.23Net Worth-2,951.19-3,898.45-2,125.35198.87384.70Secured Loans5,184.534,842.432,622.52592.38716.71Unsecured Loans1,872.553,080.173,043.04342.00200.00TOTAL LIABILITIES4,105.884,024.153,540.211,133.261,301.41AssetsGross Block2,254.262,048.141,891.80322.33340.77(-) Acc. Depreciation682.37493.62316.2943.5533.74Net Block1,571.891,554.511,575.52278.78307.03Capital Work in Progress.673.35980.601,630.95346.25357.62Investments.0.050.050.050.000.41Inventories187.65164.88147.2548.6461.62Sundry Debtors440.53322.49229.8427.1635.24Cash And Bank252.36206.47171.87280.12817.05Loans And Advances5,380.194,604.313,640.42832.48149.76Total Current Assets6,260.735,298.134,189.371,188.411,063.68Current Liabilities4,463.863,908.033,814.63687.31 449.15Provisions62.1146.7745.559.526.94Total Current Liabilities4,525.973,954.803,860.18696.83456.09NET CURRENT ASSETS1,734.761,343.34329.19491.58607.59Misc. Expenses125.84145.644.5116.6428.75TOTAL ASSETS (A+B+C+D+E)4,105.884,024.153,540.211,133.261,301.41FUTURE STRATEGIESMarket PenetrationCan tie up with Corporate and Government Companies by Providing Unique Travel Solutions for Professional and Personal Use. Can implement programs implemented by South West Airlines to penetrate market. Product DevelopmentSeek additional distribution channels such as more tie ups and Collaboration. Collaboration with international carriers, bilateral discussions over seats and code sharing between the carriers. Market DevelopmentSpecial offerings for first time fliers.Try to find out new customer group such as old-retired persons. DiversificationCan enter into other Transport Services like Bus Services between major(ip) Cities and Other Services.PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONCurrent Indian scenario Air tr avelFor majority of people preference-No frills low cost airlines Kingfisher competing with both the no frills low cost airlines as well as those with frills. Three unique classes of service Kingfisher First (Business class)Kingfisher Class (Premium economy)Kingfisher Red (Low fare)Current segmentation based on social class & income levelSocial classes which use full carrier services and those which use first class services of the railways Income level Low cost carrier for those who travel by first class railwayProblem with positioningBrand relates to LifestyleRECOMMENDATIONSNeeds to change brand perceptionCurrently perceived as Lifestyle sloganRed color of crew Reflects RoyaltyOver dependence on brand image of Mr. MallayaJet airways Reflects professionalismAdvertisement reflecting Value for fundsGain operational efficiencies through alliances as with Jet Airways LeverageUponNew fleet, Unmatched flight serviceInnovative ideas-LIVE TV with 16 channelsAir Boutique, in Kingfisher AirlinesA joint promotion, i.e. using MakeMyTrip services and flying Kingfisher Airlines. By partnering with Kingfisher Airlines, further convenience in travel is offered at no extra cost- Added value Fleet size expansionSUGGESTIONReduce the labor costSimplify the flight operationsOffer more transparent pricing jerk off smart on fuelThe process of acquiring spice jet if complete would make kingfisher the largest player in the aviation industry Different modes of pricing should be taken care of.CONCLUSIONAfter doing a study of this project representing on Kingfisher Airlines, I have come to a conclusion that Kingfisher Airlines is one of the largest and most widespread airlines of the country providing its services not only in India as well as outside India also. It has alliance with many other airlines in this sector.Kingfisher Airlines offers world class services to the customer at a nominal rate. The national carrier takes immense pride in having successfully played a pivotal role in making various facets of India popular with the people of the world and acting as the countrys cultural ambassador. The airline uses the services of one of the advanced plans been operated in the world. To sum up I would like to say that Kingfisher Airlines is serving its customer in an appreciated way and going to be in the list of best services providers in coming years.

Compare and Contrast ‘Crow Lake’ and ‘Warren Pryor’

In the modern day, millions of students of all ages from around the globe attend schools and universities solely for the purpose of receiving an pedagogics. The reason as to why education is one of the most important elements in life is because it helps individuals gain wisdom and aw arness, and essentially achieve more achievement in their lives. The importance of education excessively happens to be one of the central elements in Mary Lawsons Crow Lake, as well as in Warren Pryor, a poem create verbally by Alden Nowlan. To begin with, one most first realize the true value of education.We are introduced to this concept when we see the extents to which Warrens parents go in order for their son to be able to receive an education, rather than to labour on a farm. In the first stanza of the poem, Alden describes His parents boarded him at school in town, slaving to apologize him from the stony fields (Nowlan 2-3). Alden is able to achieve imagery in his readers mind by his use of di ction. The selection of words such as slaving creates a powerful evocative effect, as it highlights how much an education is truly worth. On the other hand, Kate is also making similar conclusions.While reflecting on her university education, she explains I had observed by then that Great-Grandmother Morrison was more right than she knew about the power of education shed had no idea of the other doors it could open (Lawson 187). This passage reveals Kates experiences with success and her realizations about the true potential of formal education. Another common element between the protagonists of the novel and the poem, is the financial struggles they have to face and the sacrifices they have to make. Alden Nowlan describes Warrens situation with When every pencil dream upt a sacrifice (Nowlan 1).This line introduces the reader to a taste of poverty, where something as uncostly as a pencil can mean a sacrifice. Similarly, Kate retells Money was too tight for me to go home for shor t breaks (Lawson 188). This shortage of money in the Morrison family translates into separation of the members from each other. Therefore although the two characters are faced with different situations, the lack of money becomes an issue for both the protagonists, as well as their families. However, Kate and Warren begin to contrast each other in their attitude towards receiving an education.While Kate sees her university as the ultimate path to a brighter future, she explains The World was spreading itself out before me I felt that I could go anywhere, do anything. Be anyone. It is clear that she realizes her opportunity to change her life for the better, and she is prepared to take advantage of it. While on the other hand, Warren Pryor does not seem to be a man of books and learning. Although he was able to finish university and successfully get a job, the last stanza explains And he said nothing. Hard and serious like a tender bear inside his tellers cage (Nowlan 13).While iron ically this life of hard work and success means little to Warren, in order to keep down disappointment from his parents, he chooses to remain silently inside his tellers cage. Although these two pieces of literature have a few differences and points of contrast, for most of the parts theyre significantly relevant. Mary Lawson and Alden Nowlan both use unique methods of bringing a subject to life, whether by in depth development of a character, or by biblical and religious references. Overall, both pieces deal with the central concept of the importance of education in todays world, for both the individual and the society.

An action research paper Essay

Floridas Comprehensive Assessment Test or FCAT is an important segment of Floridas general scheme to augment the accomplishments of students done the implementation of more(prenominal) advanced pedagogy standards. In general, the FCAT is given to individual students ranging from lines 3 to 11 and includes two primary parts.The first part, or the Criterion-Referenced Tests (CRT), is used to measure the chosen standards in the subjects of Mathematics, Science, reading as well as writing which argon congenitally barected from the Sunshine State Standards (SSS) maculation the second part, the Norm-Referenced Tests (NRT), measures the functioning of the student learner in terms of reading and Mathematics in the context of established national norms.With this in mind, the resulting FCAT scores slew be used in order to ad good the strong and weak points of the students who took up the running game in connection to their classroom and overall performance in their school. While FCA T serves as a tool in measuring and determining the level of achievement of students in connection to the Sunshine State Standards, it also provides a better comprehension and analysis for the academic accomplishments of students by scrutinizing the manifold segments of evidence found in the tallys such as the FCAT scores that be accumulated over time.This is one of the primary reasons why students undertake the test. This is specially helpful to teachers as it allows them a substantial amount of information with regard to the individual performance of the students. By monitoring the FCAT test results and by comparing these results with the results from introductory courses, the knowledge of the students can be increased specifically in the field of science. This can be particularly achieved through the initiative of identifying the weak and strong areas of the students in relation to the FCAT test results and by adjusting lesson plans accordingly.With an interest in improving the knowledge of students and preparing them for the fitting career choice or goals in the coming years, every grounds to instill desires for these future successes must be addressed so that the students get out understand the significance of creating a firm and stable knowledge base. One of the essential goals among various learning institutions, especially among teachers, is to make the students know more and appreciate the content of the courses or school curriculum.This furthers their rational thinking and assists them in obtaining learning skills that do not simply fade away with human forgetfulness. Further, the primary goal of teaching the students in order for them to pass the FCAT appears to be a wrong advancement to reproduction in general. On the other hand, teaching students with the curriculum mandated by the state reinforced with additional self-reliance for seek and gathering data from a wide array of sources can make them surpass the FCAT and other scholarly te sts with flying colors.Although the research will probably create more call into questions than solutions, nevertheless the research is substantial in terms of providing another means in uplifting the quality of education received by students. LITERATURE REVIEW FCAT is considered as the radix of the statewide educational appraisal and accountability scheme. The primary purpose behind the FCAT is to obtain two types of information. First is the that individual students, parents as well as teachers select the data derived from FCAT in order to supply information mentioning student mastery of educational skills.Further, the public requires the data obtained from FCAT in order to comprehend the educational health of learners and to deem schools as well as districts responsible for progress (FCAT Fact Sheet, 2005). In essence, FCAT determines the knowledge of the students and their comprehension in terms of writing and reading, mathematics as well as science content that are defined in the Sunshine State Standards which holds a direct connection with the questions placed in the FCAT. get across 1 Percent of Text Type on FCAT Reading Grade Level Literary Text Informational Text 3 60% 40%.4 50% 50% 5 50% 50% 6 50% 50% 7 40% 60% 8 40% 60% 9 30% 70% 10 30% 70% For the most part, the Sunshine State Standards refer to the competencies as well as the skills that the students in the area of Florida should be capable of learning from a young age. This is defined by education specialists, practicing classroom lecturers, business individuals as well as the citizens of Florida. FCAT for writing is usually conducted during February while the test for science and mathematics as well as reading is conducted during March. However, the exact testing dates may vary depending on the date.Students can also rig out for the test and achieve successful results by means of learning from the significant contents of the Sunshine State Standards through lectures from teachers. Benefit s can also be obtained by the students from the available teaching resources that are free and are easy to use such as FCAT Explorer which is readily available over the internet through the Florida Department of Education. This can also be obtained from the existing reviews of the sample test booklets for the FCAT. The FACT Hand scaling Process starts with the students from grades 3 to 11 who take the test every spring.The leveling scale of the test is determined and developed by the teachers and experts in Florida with the use of the answers of previous students. After training college graduates to precisely score, the set of evaluators are inevitable to pass a exit exam which contains scoring with a minimum of 80 percent accuracy in order to initiate scoring. Before differences in scoring are addressed and settled by the director of the scoring process, a pair of evaluators score every question by their own where the agreement of the evaluators stripe at an average of 97 perce nt.About 24 educators who bemuse been trained have scanned every question by the time the FCAT handscoring procedure is finalized. Finally, the scores of the students are handed over to both teachers and the parents of the students. Dating back to 1998, the public schools in Florida have already been administered with the FCAT where the results of the FCAT determine the foundation for the accountability scheme of the respective school. Further, the FCAT for Grade 10 has eventually been transformed into the graduation test for high school students.Ever since the FCAT has been implemented, concerns have been raised over the scheme, most of which come from both the education sector and the public. Oftentimes, these concerns are founded on myths rather than facts. In order to measure the portions of the SSS used by the State identity card of Education, the FACT test elements were made, and that these elements in the test are at first written by commercial testing contractors which inc lude CTB/McGraw-Hill as well as the Harcourt Educational Measurement. Yet these elements are placed under review and the revision coming from the staff of the Department of Education.Also included are teachers who work in the FCAT Test Development meat and its headquarters located in Leon County School District as well as practicing teachers in classrooms in Florida schools and supervisors of the schools curriculum. Further, every school year is comprised of approximately 180 days where all of these days are allocated with six hours intended for instructional time. From the total of 1,080 hours, approximately eight to ten hours for a adulterate of a number of days is required by the FCAT administration which in essence composes less than a percent of the overall time the learner is staying in school annually.While it impacts every public school and nearly all students between Grades 3 to 10, the FCAT is the sole appraisal which is a worthwhile investment for just a fraction of the students time. The SSS was adopted by the State Board of Education as the foundation for public school education and was built up by educators in Florida as well as every school district that examined the SSS prior to being adopted. Moreover, the SSS do not symbolize anything that is atypical in the content of the curriculum.Rather, the Standards are mere statements of what anyone would comprehend as proper things for students to learn and be able to fully grasp. With this, students will be capable of preparing themselves for the test if teachers are also able to give quality instruction in the specific subject they commonly teach. Each question in the FCAT is examined by a pair of community sensitivity reward panels to ensure that the test is not biased against any group or individual. In order to reinforce the attempt to remove any perceived biases in the FCAT, numerous item bias statistical examinations are carried out on every item in the test.It has been observed that a number of students have not showed satisfactory performance in the FCAT no matter what their ethnic backgrounds are. While these students have not yet been able to acquire the needed learning in the aspects of writing and reading as well as mathematical skills, the job of teachers restto supply every student the chance to learn. The question on the reliability and validity of the FCAT rests on the idea whether the test score of the students are consistent and something which can be rightfully interpreted by individuals.Indeed, the FCAT is able to satisfy both questions primarily because the FCAT is widely monitored for the credibility of its statistics and that the outcomes are elucidated in terms of technical reports. Further, the test nevertheless contains test validity that can be demonstrated in order to be able to provide an interpretation of the scores of every student which indicates the level they have been able to learn the necessary contents of writing, reading, mathematics as well as science.While there are existing FCAT statutes that concern the passing of students, it does not, however, require the students to pass the FCAT in every grade level in order to be promoted to the proceeding level. On the other hand, the FCAT merely suggests in its statutes that students must be able to pass the test intended for Grade 10 in order to be eligible for a regular fleece in the high school level. The FCAT also suggests in its statutes that Grade 3 students who were not able to exhibit the necessary reading skills must be supplied with extra instructions prior to their promotion to the fourth grade.One crucial aspect in determining the relative performance of students in the FCAT is that the mathematics section of the test computes the knowledge of the students and skills in the context of five fields in mathematics, one of which is Geometry. However, it does not imply nor is it explicitly stated that students are required to have obtained a course in Plane Geome try or other relevant subjects. It merely emphasizes the idea that the FCAT has several questions that concentrate on the concepts of geometry.Inasmuch as the standards set forth in FCAT are applicable to any student who desires to obtain a regular diploma in high school, the FCAT cannot provide differing standards according to the various needs of a multitude of students. Nevertheless, the FCAT holds a combination of items where certain amounts are easy while there are challenging parts as well. As the State Board of Education establishes the passing scores based on the suggestions of the Commissioner of Education, students who take the test are not essentially anticipated to rightfully answer all of the items in the FCAT.The tests intended for Grades 4, 5, 8, and 10 contain items that refer to performance and each of these grade levels contain approximately six to eight of these performance items. Every student is required in the FCAT to supply a written response or at to the low est degree illustrate a solution to a problem in math. A test support contractor then scores the corresponding responses wherein the answers of every student are graded at various scoring locations across the country.As a means to address the need for people who will score the FCAT, the test support contractor puts advertisements in numerous local newspapers and employs individuals who at least were able to obtain a baccalaureate degree. These individuals are required to partake in a critical training program and pass several qualifying examinations prior to their hiring. The task of the readers is placed under uninterrupted monitoring while they score the responses of the students for the FCAT. (FCAT Myths vs. Facts, 2005).

Psychosis and Delusional New Macbeth Essay

Schizophrenics appear in our everyday purport, yet many do not realize that they actually are there. Sometimes it is difficult to match a person to a disorder due to the various indications and traits that they may express. Yet, Macbeth shows a definite link to paranoiac schizophrenia, vividly displaying symptoms such as hallucinations, delusion (paranoia), and apathy. Schizophrenia is described as a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness (Wikipedia).Hallucinations involve putting peerless under the impression that things are completely real while awake, but or else have been created by the mind. Macbeth experiences multiple hallucinations, including a floating dagger, a ghost, and possibly witches. In the beginning of the story, Macbeth and his friend Banquo claim that they spoke to three witches who told them of their great futures. From there, an mentation forms in Macbeths head he was invincible. Although Banqu o in any case viewed the three gothic women, Macbeth and Banquo never discuss the invincibility Macbeth has now been aware of.Therefore, Macbeth could have hallucinated some(a) of the strange womens dialogue to his favor, believing it was completely valid. This leads unrivaled to the thought of emerging schizophrenia. Macbeth was in the correct age group for paranoid schizophrenia to take rise discover of a males body. Also, since he experiences multiple hallucinations and his once loyal personality turns violent, the diagnosis of schizophrenia becomes more and more prominent. Although many manage that Macbeth did not have schizophrenia and was just obsessed with power, the many hallucinations that he experienced help to counter that argument.Hallucinations are not extremely common (besides dreams) and often only occur with medical issues or drug use. When Macbeth is talked into killing Duncan, he hallucinates a floating dagger above him(Shakespeare, II. i. ), which almost t aunts him. By hallucinating a violent object such as this, Macbeth proves to struggle with reality. Although Macbeth tells himself that it was a dagger of the mind, hallucinations experienced later in time become more and more realistic to him. This is shown when he believes Banquos ghost is present at a table.When Macbeth is asked to be seated, he replies The tables full. (Shakespeare, III. iv. ). All the witnesses of Macbeths hallucination shady him to be ill, for they did not foregather a full table in front of them. Since Macbeths hallucinations become more and more realistic to him, it is apparent for one to believe that paranoid schizophrenia is present. Heavily influenced by anxiety and/or fear, paranoid thoughts include beliefs that a individual is beingness threatened in some sort of charge. Macbeth experiences paranoia towards Banquo further in the story, after meeting the three strange women (witches).Macbeth felt threatened by Banquos fortune of becoming king, and hi s loyalty to the authorized king. Due to this strong feeling of anxiety and fear, Macbeth ends up killing Banquo, giving into his paranoia. Delusions, or paranoia, can often result in aggression or force play if you believe you must act in self-defense against those who want to harm you(Mayo Clinic). The murder of Banquo by Macbeth produces no direct reasoning, only leaving another symptom of paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoia shows gradually, as this source says The main symptom is permanent delusion.It should be kept in mind that there is delusion in schizophrenia also but in that case it is not permanent or organized. In paranoia the symptoms of delusion appear gradually, and the patient is sentimental, suspicious, irritable, introverted, depressed, obstinate, jealous, selfish, unsocial and acidulent. (Depression Guide) The jealous, unsocial, and delusional new Macbeth helps the audience see the sudden change from the loyal, brave warrior to the raging, paranoid tyrant. Since Ma cbeth becomes a self-centered, power-hungry king paranoia and delusion become more pronounced.The way Macbeth begins to treat his peers displays his changed morals and new sense of being threatened often. For example, when he finds discover Lady Macbeth has died, he makes a speech basically about how worthless life is. This once loyal, brave, loving individual sullen sour when this symptom became a characteristic for Macbeth. Those suffering from paranoid schizophrenia also bear with the symptom of apathy. Macbeth and Lady Macbeths birth begins to deteriorate, causing bitter quarrels and rude confrontation.One could argue that this sudden change of relationship could be due to guilt, when paranoid schizophrenia could erupt just as suddenly. Symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia, and apathy usually appear during the ages of 16 and 30. Schizophrenics can appear completely normal up until this age range. Though these individuals have had paranoid schizophrenia their replete(p) life, the disabling brain disorder only begins to show at later stages in life. Since Macbeth was in this age range, it is certainly plausible that schizophrenia began to take control over during the story.Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to show issues with their marriage, due to many factors. Lady Macbeth had been distancing herself from Macbeth by unsexing herself to become more powerful. This distancing displayed by Lady Macbeth could have triggered the schizophrenic symptoms, on with the heavy guilt burdening Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth angrily asks Are you a man? to Macbeth (Shakespeare, III. iv. ), it helps Macbeth begin to realize how deep the distance between their relationship actually is. Apathy, an absence of emotion or enthusiasm, soon becomes a great part of Macbeth.Macbeths lack of emotional enthusiasm towards his marriage sends a red flag out to the audience. Although much of their marriage was not recorded in the story, the reader can pick up upon the many instances where apathy is shown by Macbeth. For instance, when Macbeth is told that Lady Macbeth has died he declares that life is worthless, and just a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury (Shakespeare, V. v. ). Since Macbeth did not display any grief for his lost wife, the audience becomes aware of how distanced their relationship actually was.If Macbeth did not have any apathy at all, he would be more intact to his emotions at this time of grief, rather than stating that life is pointless. Macbeth displays symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia including hallucinations, delusion (paranoia), and apathy, and therefore is schizophrenic. Macbeth significantly shows these symptoms in a vivid manner, helping the audience understand some reasoning behind his tactics. By apprehension what paranoid schizophrenia is, and Macbeths story, many are able to realize the common ground shared by both.Although there is no successful way to prove if Macbeth did indeed have the disorder or not, since h e is a fictional character in this play, it can certainly be stated that if Macbeth was displaying these symptoms today, one could diagnose him with paranoid schizophrenia with little hesitation. In a broader view, many characters in stories and plays could be interpreted to psychological disorders and unlock a certain conundrum that the author may have, or may have not meant to leave for their audience to solve.

Conformity Case Essay

INTRODUCTION Ever since the showtime prove on adjustity was conducted by Jenness in 1932, psychologists have tried to measure accordance of rights under various situations. Historically, compliancy has been measured in numerous ways, though the most widely utilise rules have been deportmental observations and self reports (Scher and Thompson, 2007). While Aschs Experiment (1951) remains the most popular work on conformity, Zimbardo (1971) and Milgrams (1974) work ar noteworthy. AIM AND guess We wanted to find out whether undergraduate students conform to loving norms or not? Also, what are the liable(predicate) reasons for their behaviour? For this, we created our own taste. However, let us delimit conformity and other key variables first. Kalat (2008) defines conformity as changing ones behaviour to match other peoples behaviour or expectations. It is the dependant variable (DV) in our experiment and we gave it an operational definition.We measured DV by the subjects co rrect sexual urge identification and subsequent action of pass with the penetration assigned for their respective sexual urge. This is further elaborated under the Research Method section. The independent variable (IV) in our experiment was self-monitoring attitude. We chose IV as our congregation believed that it is primarily high self-monitoring people are much conscious about their social image and are thus more likely to conform in general than low-self monitoring people and vice versa. The operational definition for self monitoring attitude was the clear on Self-Monitoring (SM) Scale created by coif Synder in the early 1970s. Frayer believes that the personality test measures how much an individual would change his behaviour to suit situational cues. It has 25 questions in total and has been attached in accompaniment 1 for your reference. The results were interpreted as high, intermediate or low score depending on how m some(prenominal) questions the subject got cor rect use the answer key provided by lckes and Barnes (1977) attached in APPENDIX 2 for your reference.Our goal was to examine therelationship between self-monitoring attitude (IV) and conformity (DV). We expected a positive co-relation due to our group stamp mentioned above. Besides, Scher and Thompsons (2007) experiment, which was our inspiration, had found a signifi stackt positive correlation relationship between self-monitoring and behavioural conformity. Our target population was the undergraduate students at The University of Hong Kong (HKU). However, our sample consisted of only if forty HKU students composing of twenty female and twenty male students. RESEARCH METHOD Let us elaborate on how we went about conducting our experiment. Firstly, we chose to conduct the experiment at Chi Wah composite building since me truly undergraduate students go there to study. Secondly, we replicated Sarah Lisbene experiment on gender conformity. Lisbene had pasted gender signs on an fasc inate of a building to observe whether people would conform to the gender symbols on the adits.We duplicated her gender conformity situation at the main entrance on the first floor of Chi Wah as it has precisely two doors. We stuck gender symbols on each door at the eye level right besides the door handles a male only sign on right door and a female only sign on the left door. Then, we shut twain the doors at the entrance. Anyone who wanted to enter the building from this entrance was bound to read the gender sign before opening the door and thus would have to crystalize a decision to conform, observable by his/her action of walking through the appropriate gender-marked door. Thirdly, we apply simple systematic sampling method to choose our subjects. either 10th person was invited to participate in our experiment by filling in a two paged survey. The survey was actually the SM Scale mentioned in AIM AND HYPOTHESIS section. We calculated their scores on the SM Scale by their ma rked responses to measure the IV and its relationship with DV.Lastly, we tried to observe participants in their natural setting. To remain unnoticeable, we dressed up in casuals and stood far away from the entrance, trying to avoid giving any additional situational cues to the participants. We wanted to pr flusht any bias adversely affecting our study and carefully observed the behaviour of the subjects reading the signs, recording their decision of walking through either door and and then approached them, requesting to fill in the survey. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Though the response and the reactions from the subjects varied, a common trend in our experiment emerged. The participant would read the sign on the door when he/she approached to open the door and get confused. Then, he/she would take a step back and try to locate the other gender sign on the other door and finding one would relieve him/her and change their emotion. Then they would make a decision to walk through either door . The mean score on the SM scale was 12.1, an Intermediate Score as it falls in the band width of 9-14. It suggests that HKU undergraduates self-monitor themselves to a moderate degree on mediocre and would be conscious of their social image. Our hypothesis would suggest that undergraduates are likely to conform to their respective gender roles.The statistics obtained from our sample were consistent with our expectations in general. In fact, 28 out of the 40 or 70% participants conformed to their respective gender role. We found a modest positive co-relation of .4049 between SM Scale and conformity. It suggests that self-monitoring attitude whitethorn lead to gender conformity. We observed two major group differences based on the data collected. The first group was divided on basis of gender while the second on their score on SM Scale. Firstly, the SM Score mean for females was slightly higher (12.2) than for men (12). The standard deviation for females (3.578) was debase compared to men (4.193) and the range for females was 4-21 and 3-18 for men. The data and statistics obtained are indicative of females conforming marginally more than males. surface of the 28 subjects that did conform, 16 or 57.1% were females and only 12 or 42.9% were males.Secondly, a score of 15-22 is high and 0-8 is low on the SM scale. Out of the 7 subjects who scored low on SM scale, only 3 or 42.9% conformed. Out of the 23 subjects who scored intermediate on SM scale, only 16 or 69.6% conformed and out of the 10 subjects who scored high on SM Scale, 9 or 90% conformed. This suggest that people who score high on the SM Scale are more likely to conform than people who score lower on the SM Scale. A third group difference, which is based on our observation of arrival of participant in a party or not can be suggested. In a group of two females and three males, a male pointed out the discrepancy at the entrance which surprised the whole group. They talked among themselves and even had a laugh, pointing at the symbols. Nonetheless, the group split up and members walked through respective doors and then rejoined once inside the building. This may suggests that people are more likely to conform if they arrive in a party consisting of both the genders.CONCLUSIONFrom our data and observations in the experiment, we can make a few conclusions. Firstly, though HKU undergraduates are likely to conform to gender roles, females are more likely to do so. Secondly, there is a modest correlation between self-monitoring attitude and conformity, though we could not establish a direct causal relationship between the two variables. Thirdly, it seems that people who are scored higher on the SM Scale are more likely to conform to gender roles than those who scored lower on the SM Scale. Lastly, subjects are more likely to conform to gender roles when they arrive in a party consisting of both the genders. CRITICAL EVALUATION Booker (2012) says that behavioural conformity is linked wi th youth happiness. Conforming behaviour enables us to create a strong social world and experience belongingness to a group, thereby facilitating social identification and security, leading to equilibrium of contentment. This suggests the importance of conforming in order to achieve happiness. Secondly, conforming behaviour is actually a self-defining act and people conform to keep their state of peace (Santee and Jackson, 1982). This too may inform why people conform in general.Furthermore, there is a difference in the view of conformity between both the genders men regard non-conforming behaviour as self-image enhancing while women regard conformity as positive and self defining. This helps explain why women are more likely than men to conform. Another plausible explanation for gender differences in conformity is given by Maslach, Santee and Wade (1987), who believe conformity is based on personality traits of men and women. Men are supposed to be forceful and independent while women are supposed to be sensitive. Recently, researchers from University of London (2011) have even found a mild genetic influence explaining gender conforming traits (31%) in women. According to Fraser, most people would like to maintain a positive public image and are perceptive to what people speak out about them. This may explain why high self-monitors who actively apply impression management are more likely to conform than low self-monitors. The business organization of distorting their public image or even dampening their social popularity would be a powerful incentive for high self monitors to conform.Lastly, individuals composing a group face a stronger effect of normative social influence than a collection of individuals who do not form a group (Deutsch and Gerard, 1954). This may explain why the conformity increases when subjects arrive in a party consisting of both genders. I would now like to talk about potential flaws in our experiment and some methods to improve ou r representative. Firstly, conformity is not completely dependent on a single variable and we should have used a multi-variable regression model to estimate it instead. In our experiment, one of the omitted variables is lack of social pressure or incentive to conform. The subjects may not have sufficient incentive to walk through their gender assigned door as there was no reward or penalty in terms of social acceptance or rejection.Also, as many as 9 subjects reported that they did not notice any gender symbol and walked in using random door. None of them was suffering from any eyesight problem like colour blindness. Furthermore, Livingstone brings to light a potential confounding variable civility. Civility primarily depends on disposition of the subject, which in spell depends on parenting, school education and cultural background. We could have included all these variables in our model. Another potential flaw in experiment is not having a control group. Maybe the female lavato ry near the left door favoured the female participants to walk through the left door, increasing their conforming number. Either a control group or interchanging the symbols on the doors after the first 20 subjects had filled in the survey would have removed this bias. To improve our model, we could have used better operational definitions too. The SM Scale is controversial and walking through a door marked by a sign may not be a relevant gender issue. Secondly, we could have used a larger budget and more time to improve our model. For instance, it took us four old age to get permission to conduct the experiment at Chi Wah.If we had more time, we would have conducted the experiment in the Main Library and Medical Campus to get a representative sample. Increasing our sample size would have enabled us to detect micro trends and be more accurate. We could have offered subjects who refused to fill in the survey financial compensation. Our study may have been subject to experimenter bia s in spite our full effort to minimise the bias as we were expecting a positive correlation. blazing was too expensive an option for us. PERSONAL REFLECTION Though this experiment answered some questions, it has left me wondering about many more. If given the opportunity, I would like to conduct a few follow up experiments to seek some answers. Firstly, I would like to find out if there is any link between stress levels and gender conformity.This relationship arises from my observation that some subjects in our experiment who walked through the wrong door and also refused to fill in the survey seemed to be impatient and rude. Though there may be some other reasons behind their gender non-conformity behaviour and mood like being short on time, we cannot say for sure and will have to find out for ourselves. Also, I would like to find out if there is any threshold level for conformity? For instance, participants may refuse to conform by walking through a door in our experiment but the y would probably conform while using a lavatory. If non-conformers conform if they know they would be severely rebuked for their actions, what precisely is that threshold level? The experiment also cleared my misconceptions of conducting experiments.I thought that it would be very easy to design and conduct an experiment. However, given our goal, there were so many ways of going about it that was very hard to select the best method given our resources and time constraint. Carrying out the experiment has its own fair share of struggles. I would also like to mention my experience with experimenter bias. While drafting the experiment, I was very confident that I could not be susceptible to experimenter bias. However, when we started the experiment, it was very hard not to hand out the survey to our friends and acquaintances who happened to come in through the doors but were not the 10th subject as per our systematic sampling rule. Finally, after having finished the experiment, I think it was painstakingly work involving a potful of planning and careful evaluation. Nonetheless, I had fun conducting the experiment.REFERENCES1. Scher, N., & Thompson, T. (2007). Self-Monitoring and Conformity A Comparison of Self-Report and Behavioral Measures. UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research X (2007) Retrieved declination 1, 2012, from http//www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2007/scher&thompson.pdf2. Kalat, James W. (2008). grounding to Psychology, Ninth (International) Edition. Wadsworth Wadsworth Cengage Learning.3. Fraser, M. Mhaire. Self Monitoring Notes and Resources. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from De Anza College Website http//faculty.deanza.edu/frasermary/stories/storyReader$1574. Montclair SocioBlog. Livingston, J. (2009). Civility or Mindless Compliance? Retrieved December 2, 2012, fromhttp//montclairsoci.blogspot.hk/2009/07/civility-or-mindless-compliance.html5. Booker, Karene. (2012). Youths well-being linked to how well they conform to gender norms Retrieved D ecember 4, 2012, fromhttp//www.gradschool.cornell.edu/news/youths-well-being-linked-how-well-they-conform-gender-norms6. Santee, R.T., & Jackson, S.E. (1882). Identity Implications of Conformity Sex Differences in normative and Attributional Judgements. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45(2), 121-125. Retrieved from December 7, 2012, http//faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/223webproj/conformity%20and%20gender/7. Maslach, C., Santee, R. T., & Wade, C. (1987). Individuation, Gender Role, and Dissent nature Mediators of Situational Forces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1088-1093. Retrieved December 7, 2012,from http//faculty.rhodes.edu/wetzel/223webproj/conformity%20and%20gender/8. Science Daily. Jul 9, 2011. Sexual Orientation and Gender Conforming Traits in Women Are Genetic, Study Finds Retrieved December 9, 2012, from http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707173319.htm9. Morton, Deutsch and Gerard, B. Harold. (1954). A Study of Normative and Informational Soci al Influences upon Individual Judgement. Research Center for Human Relations, New York University Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//web.comhem.se/u68426711/8/deutsch55.pdf

Plato and Aristotle Similarities and Differences Essay

What factors, for Plato and Aristotle, were critical in the twist of a state? Before one examines the construction of the posit in the eyes of two famous mere thinkers, one must first understand what a State is. A State can be defined as a group of volume settled in a specific geographical location where, through interdependency and order, a livelihood can be achieved. Plato and Aristotle, both great philosophers, contributed to the existence of politics today, their views and ideas on what should be considered in the construction of a State.Plato (427-347 B. C. ), famous for his work The Republic, viewed the state as a machine which can be constructed systematically. In contrast to his former mentor, Aristotle, a former student of Plato, regarded the State as an organism with the attributes of a living being, stating that its emergence is a natural process. both ideas be truly influential and crucial in examining and apprehension their contributions made to politics and socie ty today.In the eyes of Plato, one of the main factors critical to the construction of the State was the division of the hu human being soul. Within Platos division of the soul, there were 3 divisions the rational, which was regarded as the highest part of the soul and, as a result, gave special(a) people the cleverness to reason the spirited, which had the capacity to follow and asset the claims of reason and lastly, the appetitive, which Plato found as the lowest part of the soul and supply desires and emotions.The Rational reflected the rulers/philosophers who were small in groups but ruled over a much larger group of producers. They occupied the top of the class structure and because of their ability to reason, people believed that they alone had the insights and solutions to human problems. The Spirited followed the Rational and consisted of soldiers and administrators who supported and were controlled by the Government, hence their capacity to follow. The Appetitive repres ented the producers in society.Making up the absolute majority of the population, producers were mainly artisans, traders and farmers who provided the basic services to society and were never allowed to state their opinions and feelings, thus their harbored emotions. Such a class structure was referred to as an aristocracy, which Plato thought of as the rarified State. It was this threefold division of the soul which influenced the division of society, therefore making it a critical factor in Platos construction of the state.Another factor which was very influential in Platosconstruction of the State lay in the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding can be considered the pairing of parents to go out the highest physical and mental qualities of the offspring. Such offspring were to become the next generation of rulers by the age of fifty. Plato believed that the selection of rulers could be best made through lengthy education and training which were reserved for only the legal opinion class in the form of music, literature, military instructions and so forth, to enhance these qualities.According to Plato, giving medication and ruling must not be left to chance. It is through a planned program of training that kings are born, made and sculpted into society. This transmitted process is epoch-making to the construction of the State in the eyes of Plato. Contrary to Platos views, Aristotle had his own vision of the construction of the State and rather than viewing the state as a piece of machinery, he dictum it as a natural entity. Aristotle spoke of the construction of the State as an organism, in which the State was the highest form of all communities. sensation of the main factors in Aristotles eyes, critical to construction of the State, was the belief that the State was natural. In this perspective, the family, the village and the State were 3 stages in the growth of human relations. Aristotle saw the family as the first stage or form of a ssociation where mankind is reproduced and mens primary daily wants and needs such as food, array and shelter are supplied. The second form of association of the state was the village in which men search for something more than the basic wants supplied in the family.In this stage, man satisfies his elementary needs such as a desire for companionship and loyalty. The third and highest form of community is the State. It is within this stage that moral values and beliefs are established through social institutions which are implemented throughout the State, such as the church and school. The state exists solely for the purpose of ensuring that man realizes himself and lives the good life. Thus, Aristotle emphasizes on the recognition of the State as a natural process which is critical for the proper construction of a state.Moreover to Aristotles belief of the State as an organic concept, another essential factor which Aristotle considers in the construction of a state is the framing o f an appropriate system of government. Aristotle recognized 3 forms of true governments monarchy, aristocracy and constitutional government. Monarchy consisted of one ruler with the best features, qualities and merits who governed the majority of the population. Aristocracy consisted of a small group of rulers governing a large group of people.Aristotle defined it as government formed of the best men absolutely. Finally, a constitutional government was one where a large group of citizens administered for the common interest of the people. Aristotle, care Plato, regarded the aristocracy, in addition to the monarchy, as the ideal forms of government as they both consider the virtue of rulers above the consent of the ruled. Thus, to Aristotle, the framing of a system of government was essential in the construction of a state.In retrospect, in assessing the various factors which were significant to the construction of a state, both philosophers possessed dissimilarities in how they vi ewed the entire entity of the State but agreed in the decision of which government should be implemented within the state. These factors proved very influential in todays conceptions and understanding of society and are important components of the work done by both classical thinkers and the present study of politics.

Agriculture and Wiley

Minerals shtup displace society in many ways for example Surface exploit destroys vegetation crossways striking atomic number 18as, increasing erosion. Open-pit exploit uses huge quantities of water. Acid mine drainage is pollution caused when dissolved nephrotoxic materials wash from mines into nearby lakes and streams. Minerals is approximately 80 percent of tap ore consists of impurities that pose wastes after affect. These wastes, c allight-emitting diode tailings, argon ordinarily left in giant piles on the ground or in ponds near the processing plants (Figure 12. 9). The tailings contain toxic materials such as cyanide, mercury, and sulfuric acid.Left exposed, they contaminate the air, body politic, and water (Wiley, 2009). What is the difference between bi coat and nonmetallic minerals? Provide two examples from each category and discuss their uses. Earths minerals be elements which be typically compounds of elements and fork over precise chemical compositions . Sulfides argon mineral compounds in which certain elements are combined chemically with sulfur, and oxides are mineral compounds in which elements are combined chemically with oxygen. Minerals are metallic or nonmetallic (Figure 12. 5).Metals are minerals such as iron, aluminum, and copper, which are malleable, lustrous, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetallic minerals, such as sand, stone, salt, and phosphates, lack these characteristics (Wiley, 2009). These of import minerals are used for aircrafts, faucets, nails, wire, and alloy steel products. Mining How are minerals extracted from the Earth and processed? In extracting minerals start they need to decide which mining will be determined surface or subsurface mining will be used. Surface mining just means minerals extracted are close to the surface. Surface mining is muchless inexpensive and is more commonly used. Because even surface mineral deposits occur in rock layers beneath Earths surface, the overlyin g estate and rock layers, called overburden, must first be removed, along with the vegetation growing in the soil. Then giant power shovels scoop out the minerals (Wiley, 2009). Processing minerals often uses a procedure cognize as smelting. Purified copper, tin, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, or nickel smelting is done in a blast furnace. Figure 12. 7 shows a blast furnace used to smelt iron. The iron ore reacts with coke (modified coal) to form molten iron and carbon dioxide (Wiley, 2009).What are the different ways minerals can be mined? Provide a brief description of at least triple types of mining. There are two kinds of surface mining, open-pit surface mining and strip mining. Iron, copper, stone, and circumvent are usually extracted by open-pit surface mining, in which a giant hole, called a quarry, is dug in the ground to extract the minerals (Figure 12. 6A). In strip mining, a trench is dug to extract the minerals (Figure 12. 6B). Then a new trench is dug parallel to th e experienced one, and the overburden from the new trench is put into the old one, creating a hill of loose rock called a spoil bank (Wiley, 2009).What effect does extracting minerals have on the milieu? Mining, particularly surface mining disturbs double arenas of disembark. In the unify States, functioning and abandoned metal and coal mines occupy an estimated 9 million hectares (22 million acres). Because mining destroys existing vegetation, this disgrace is particularly given to erosion, with wind erosion causing air pollution and water erosion polluting nearby waterways and damaging aquatic habitats (Wiley, 2010). daub What is your definition of soil? What is soil composed of? Why is soil cardinal to the environment?Soil is the uppermost layer of Earths crust and affirms terrestrial plants, animals, and microorganisms. Soil is formed from parent materialrock that is easy fragmented into small particles by biological, chemical, and physical weathering processes. Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. Soil horizons are the horizontal layers into which many soils are organized, from the surface to the underlying parent material. Vast numbers and kinds of organisms, mainly microorganisms, live on soil and depend on it for shelter, intellectual nourishment, and water.Plants anchor themselves in soil, and from it they receive essential minerals and water. Terrestrial plants could not plump without soil, and because we depend on plants for our food, humans could not exist without soil either (Wiley, 2013). What types of organisms are found in soil? Determine the relationship between soil and organisms. Soil organisms carry out nutrient cycling, the thoroughfare of nutrient minerals or elements from the environment through organisms and back to the environment. What is soil erosion?How can soil become polluted? What effect does soil erosion and pollution have on the environment? Soil organisms result ecosystem ser vices such as maintaining soil fertility and preventing soil erosion. Water, wind, ice, and new(prenominal) agents cause soil erosion, the wear away or removal of soil from the land. Soil erosion reduces fertility because essential minerals and organic matter are removed. Erosion causes sediments and pesticide and fertilizer residues to pollute nearby waterways ( Wiley, 2009). What is the purpose of soil reclamation?To undertake soil reclamation, erosion protection, Site restoration and reinstatement, taking into account natural processes, operational requirements and technical feasibility, to deliver post-construction land moderates as similar as possible to those prior to construction or as agreed with the pertinent authorities and/or landowner (LMS, 2013). Forestry and Rangeland Resources and Management Strategies Differentiate between government- possess lands and public lands. Which government agencies are gnarly with government-owned lands? What is the purpose of governme nt-owned lands?Private Citizens, corporations, and nonprofit organizations own about 55 percent of the land in the coupled States, and Native American tribes own about 3 percent. State and local governments own another 7 percent. The federal government owns the rest (about 35 percent). Government-owned land encompasses all types of ecosystems, from tundra to desert, and includes land that contains important resources such as minerals and fossil fuels, land that possesses historical or cultural significance, and land that provides critical biological habitat.Most federally owned land is in Alaska and 11 western states (Figure 13. 1). Federal land is managed primarily by four agencies, tercet in the U. S. Department of the Interiorthe Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the National parking area Service (NPS)and one in the Department of Agriculturethe U. S. Forest Service (USFS) (Table 13. 1) (Wiley, 2009). Why is the woods an important ecosys tem? Forests, important ecosystems that provide many goods and services to rear human society, occupy less than one-third of Earths descend land area.Timber harvested from forests is used for fuel, construction materials, and paper products. Forests supply nuts, mushrooms, fruits, and medicines. Forests provide employment for millions of people worldwide and endure recreation and spiritual sustenance in an increasingly crowded world (Wiley, 2009). What is your definition of forest watchfulness? What is its purpose? Describe the concept of sustainable forestry. Management for timber production disrupts a forests natural condition and alters its species composition and other characteristics.Specific varieties of commercially important trees are planted, and those trees not as commercially desirable are thinned out or removed. Traditional forest management often results in low-diversity forests. In course credit of the many ecosystem services performed by natural forests, a newer method of forest management, known as ecologically sustainable forest management, or simply sustainable forestry, is evolving. Sustainable forestry maintains a mix of forest trees, by age and species, rather than imposing a monoculture (Wiley, 2009).What effect does the yield of trees and deforestation have on forests and the environment? Is there a preferred method for harvesting trees? Explain. In seed tree cutting, almost all trees are harvested from an area a scattering of desirable trees is left behind to provide seeds for the regeneration of the forest. Clear-cutting is harvesting timber by removing all trees from an area and then either allowing the area to reseed and regenerate itself course or planting the area with one or more specific varieties of trees. Timber companies prefer clear-cutting because it is the most cost-effective way to harvest trees.The preferred method of harvesting tree is tree cutting as oppose to the other 3 methods (Wiley, 2009). What is a rangeland ? Describe rangeland degradation and desertification. What effect does degradation and desertification have on the environment? Rangelands are grasslands, in both temperate and tropical climates, that serve as important areas of food production for humans by providing fodder for livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats (Figure 13. 8). Rangelands may be mined for minerals and energy resources, used for recreation, and preserved for biological habitat and for soil and water resources.The predominant vegetation of rangelands includes grasses, forbs (small plants other than grasses), and shrubs. Land degradation is a natural or human-induced process that decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock. This progressive degradation, which induces unproductive desert-like conditions on formerly productive rangeland (or tropical dry forest), is desertification (Figure 13. 9). It reduces the agricultural productiveness of economically valuable land, forces many orga nisms out, and threatens endangered species. Worldwide, desertification seems to be on the increase.The United Nations estimates that each year since the mid-1990s, 3,560 km2 (1,374 mi2)an area about the size of Rhode Islandhas turned into desert (Wiley, 2013). What is overgrazing? What effect does this have on rangelands? Overgrazing is the destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area, leaving them unable to recover. Overgrazing accelerates land degradation, which decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock. Desertification is the degradation of once-fertile rangeland or tropical dry forest into nonproductive desert (Wiley, 2009).What strategies can be employed for the management and conservation of forests and rangelands? Endangered U. S. ecosystems include the southbound Florida landscape, southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests, and longleaf pine forests and savannas. Criteria used to evaluate whether an ecosystem is endangered and to what degree it is threatened include its taradiddle of land loss and degradation, its prospects for future loss or degradation, the area the ecosystem occupies, and the number of threatened and endangered species liveliness in that ecosystem (Wiley, 2009). AgricultureWhat is the difference between industrialized agriculture and subsistence agriculture? Industrialized agriculture uses modern methods requiring large capital input and less land and labor than traditional methods. Subsistence agriculture requires labor and a large amount of land to produce enough food to feed a family. There are three types of subsistence agriculture. In slash-and-burn agriculture, small patches of tropical forests are cleared to plant crops. In nomadic herding, carried out on arid land, herders move livestock continually to find food for them.Intercropping involves growing a variety of plants simultaneously on the same field. What effect do these methods of ag riculture have on the environment? Environmental problems caused by industrialized agriculture include air pollution from the use of fossil fuels and pesticides, water pollution from untreated animal wastes and agricultural chemicals, pesticide-contaminated foods and soils, and increased resistance of pests to pesticides. Land degradation decreases the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock.Clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetlands to grow crops have resulted in habitat fragmentation, the breakup of large areas of habitat into small, uncaring patches (Wiley, 2013). What is one agricultural challenge, other than soil erosion, that society faces? Explain your answer. Prime farmland in the United States is being lost to urbanization and urban sprawl. Global declines in plant and animal varieties have led many countries to collect germ plasm, plant and animal material that may be used in breeding.Farmers and ranchers strive to increase yields in many ways, including by administering hormones and antibiotics to livestock (Wiley, 2013). How would you describe sustainable agriculture? How does it affect the environment? In regards to agriculture, what are the advantages and disadvantages involved with genetic engineering? Sustainable agriculture uses methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while minimizing long-term impacts.Genetic engineering, the manipulation of genes to produce a particular trait, can produce more nutritious crops or crop plants that are resistant to pests, diseases, or drought. Concerns about genetic engineering include unknown environmental effects (Wiley, 2009). References WILEY PLUS Berg, L. R. , & Hager, M. C. (2009). Visualizing Environmental science (2nd. ed. ). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. http//www. sakhalinenergy. ru/en/documents/45_Soil_Reclamation_and_Site_Reinstatement_E. pdf University of Phoenix Material Environmental Resources Worksheet