The problem solution of rmg Essay Example for Free

The problem solution of rmg EssaySubmitted to Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University capital of Bangladesh In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Governance and developing (MAGD) Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Declaration I hereby declargon that I am the sole in reboundant of this thesis. I authorize the Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) and BRAC University to l windup this thesis to other Institutions or individuals for the purpose of profound research b bely. I further authorize the IGS and BRAC University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by othermeans, in conglomeration or in part, at the request of other institutions for the purpose of scholarly research. Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 IGS, BRAC University i Acknowledgement All praise and gratitude to Allah (The alone we worship, the alone we ask for Help). This is matter of ch bothenge and enjoyment to do a research work in a defendive academic environment like IGS and BRAC University. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere respect to my supervisor Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury for his valuable guidance and unpar all(prenominal)el support which makes me confident to work on this challenging issue.I had full support from my family my husband, Insha and Taasin, Father, Mother, Sister and Brother. I in any grammatical case got tremendous support from Raihan and my other batch mates (BCS 21st and MAGD). I would thank Netherlands administration and BRAC University to contemplate in the MAGD programme. Finally I show my sincere obligation and respect to the people of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Finance on behalf of Government of Bangladesh to al low me to study in this beautiful place and academic zone. ii Table of limit Page No. Declaration I Acknowledgement II Table of ContentsIII-IV Abbreviation V Abstract VI Chapter One- Introduction 1-16 1. 1 Historical Deve lopment of pains Law in Bangladesh 1 1. 2 Present Situation 2 1. 3 Workers Rights Situation 3 1. 4 leave forbidden of conjugations effective Advisory System 3 1. 5 Professional Legal Support is Costly 3 1. 6 New ram Code 4 1. 7 The Functions of grate legal amount of moneyture 4 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh 5 1. 9 Industrial traffic Act, 2004 6 1. 10 Labor Union Activities in Bangladesh 7 1. 11 cover Union Activities in RMG Sector 8 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ Units 10 1. 13 The Situation during Cargontaker Government10 1. 14 ILO Directives 11 1. 15 Rationale of the Study 13 1. 16 Background of the look for 13 1. 17 Objective of this seek Work 14 1. 17 (a) Research Question 14 1. 17 (b) Hypothesis 14 1. 18 Methodology 14 1. 19 Sources of Data 14 1. 20 Analytical Tools Used 15 1. 21 Sample Size and Structure 15 1. 22 Limitations 16 1. 23 Structure of the Study 16 iii Chapter Two- Labor Outburst in RMG Sector of Bangladesh 17-21 2. 1Various relative incidence of toil fer mentation 17 2. 2 Small Beginnings of a Mass Revolt 17 2. 3 Containing Riots in the RMG Sector 2. 4 Conclusion 19 20Chapter Three Literature Review 22-28 3. 2 Grievance of diligence was the centre of the grok upheaval 22 3. 3 Agreements with Garment Workers non honor 24 3. 4 Non implementation of minimum wage 25 3. 5 Lack of tolerance of the apprehend was reason behind that unrest 25 3. 6 Other interest Parties 26 3. 7 Labor legislation and wear upon unrest 26 3. 8 Unions and workers 27 3. 9 Issue which is not address 27 3. 10 Questionnaire 27 3. 11 Conclusion 28 Chapter Four Stake gripers perception regarding weary joint 29-39 4. 2 Issues that be Addressed in Questionnaire 294. 3 Overall Response 29 4. 6 Response of respondents from unaffected do industries 33 4. 8 Response of respondents from affected raiment industries Where Labor was Occurred 4. 9 Conclusion Chapter Five- Findings and Conclusion 36 39 40-43 5. 2 Lesson Learned 43 5. 3 Further Research 43 Reference 44 Appendix One Questionnaire 45 Appendix Two- Brief scenario of RMG sector of Bangladesh 46-50 iv ABBREVIATIONS BEA Bangladesh Economic Association BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and merchandiseers Association BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies FDIForeign Direct Investment gross domestic product Gross Domestic Product LU cut into Union MFA Multi-Fibre establishment RMG Ready Made Garments EPZ Export Processing Zone v ABSTRACT Ready do Garments (RMG) is the briny foreign exchange earning sector of Bangladesh. At the liken time this labor intensive sector is really heavy to address the demands of occupation of a extensive population. Reputation of this sector is high which infrapins the success of this sector. But in new-fangled times the growth and beingness of this sector came under threat when this sector faced severe labor unrest.Due to the labor unrest at that place has been huge loss of production, and some of the factories were ruined by protesters, several laborers were killed, and lot of labors were injured and arrested. It is utter that there were legitimate demand of the laborers which should convey been addressed by the owners. But these demands were not addressed which created the score of the laborers. In variety of time these grievance bolstered the unrest. On the other hand, some laborers were not sincere and skilful to their job and responsibilities. These laborers mingled themselves in the destruction of their own industries.While almost of the researchers addressed the reasons of that unrest, in this research the probable solution of that problem has been addressed by collecting stakeholders perceptions through questionnaires. It has been found that to address the grievances and to find the limitations of the financial capacity of the owners a bridging mechanism, labor aggregate, betwixt laborers and owner is needed. Moreover, it was found that most of the respondents think that labor confederacy can be used as a tool to mitigate the risks of labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh. vi Labor ferment in Bangladesh RMG SectorDoes Active Labor Union Reduce the Risk of Labor Unrest in RMG Sector? A Dissertation by Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 okay as to Style and Contents By Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury Supervisor Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector Does active labor uniting reduce the risk of labor unrest in RMG sector? Chapter-One Introduction Introduction The readymade habilitates (RMG) sector, the single biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh has come a long way in last devil decades. The industry has crossed many a(prenominal) hurdles to substantiation competitive.It has proved many predictions futile and wrong and competes fiercely even after the abolition of quotas under Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in the North American market and special market entry to European ma rkets. The credit for that motion goes primarily to the entrepreneurs and the laborers. But the relationship between these two major contri neverthelessors has come into question and the industry is under severe pressure because of labor unrest. After the labor unrest of 2006 in several RMG units, the sector carry on a loss to the tune of US$60 million, Khan, S. (2007).The fact remains that look at unionism is intimately absent in the garments sector and when responsible labor movement is not given any chance, the proceeds is indiscipline and chaos leading to a situation where the mob takes over. So the notion of the absence of labor unionism in the garments in most of the industries as a reason for widespread violence involve much research to reveal the reasons behind and offer possible policy solutions to the crisis. 1. 1 Historical suppuration of Labor Law In Bangladesh In British-India industrialization paved its way during the last part of eighteenth carbon.Workers con dition of work, environment was worst. That time the few labor jurisprudences existed in the sub-continent was not enough to protect the rights of the working people. most(prenominal) of the labour legalitys we have contractable from British-India and Pakistani period. First labor law came in this subcontinent was Workers requital Act, 1923. Workers got their Trade Union rights after a long struggle under Trade Union Act, 1926. At the time of Pakistani period 2 rive laws was there, Trade Union Act Industrial conflict Settlement Act, these 2 laws merge into IndustrialRelation Ordinance, 1969. Major labor laws enacted in the year 1965, much(prenominal) as Factories Act, Shops Establishment Act, Employment of Labour (SO) Act. Later on, so many amendments made on labor laws. Moreover, separate rules were also enacted for 1 better implementation of the law. Bangladesh government set up a separate Inspection federal agency to supervise and monitor the implementation of labor laws. 1. 2 Present situation Our labor laws are ease uply scattered in different statutes. In other words, labour laws are just to be codified.The necessity of much(prenominal) codification had been felt by many since long. Besides, the existing labor laws baffle from some inherent flaws and require to be updated to meet the present demand of proper dispensation of justice. Actually we inherited the laws and the legal system of our plain from British-India. The British enacted laws to primarily suit their colonial purpose. Now ours is liberated country and its outlook and demand have changed drastically. Therefore either the existing laws should be adequately amended or new laws be enacted, suiting the present demand of the cabaret.Out of 44 statutes of our labor laws 2 are from the nineteenth century and another 13 from the between the beginning of twentieth century and the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. Another 23 statutes were enacted during the Pakistan period (1 947-1971), the reset i. e. , six statutes have been enacted since liberation. These scattered laws need to be unified. keeping this in view in 1992 a National Labour Law Commission was smorgasbord. The Commission opted for recommending the canon of a Labour Code. The successions for a Labour Code, however, seem to have been shelved, at least for the time being.Nevertheless, chance(a) attempts have been undertaken to revive interest in the proposed Labour Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of the Labour Law Review commissioning was reconstituted in August 1998. Earlier the International Labour Organization-ILO office in Bangladesh also submitted its comments on the Draft Labour Code prepared by the Commission. 7-member review committee has been formed by the government to re-asses the proposed Draft Labour Code. However, after the emergence of the new state of Bangladesh, no such(prenominal)(prenominal)initiative has ever been taken by any of the successive governments and the issue has always been given covering fire seat by them. Surprisingly, the new recommended Labour Code, 1994 of the National Labour Law Commission is still awaiting governments commendation and subsequent enactment. Without a complete Labour Code, to end the violation of workers rights will remain a utmost cry. 2 1. 3 Workers rights situation Workers rights are highly violated in the country. Mass people are not aware of the rights of working people. even the policy makers are not that much concerned.Civil society shows negligence towards the rights of the workers. The Constitution of the country guarantees rights to organize except unfortunately there are so many restrictions to form and join Trade Union in several types of industries and areas i. e. Govt. Employees, Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Rural Electrification Board, and all types of security and confidential staffs, aegis Printing Press, employees of education/research institutions, hospitals and clinics, NGOs, Ar my, Police etc. To meet the end of these violation and deprivation awareness should be raised among the workers themselves.Labor Union activists should be given much knowledge and business line leader to build their capacity in collective talk terms and motivational act. 1. 4 Lack of unions legal advisory system Due to multiplicity, in house union system, political tailing and need of one single National Trade Centre, alternate unions becoming weak day by day. rank dues collection for union and rate of dues are very small size. Due to financial inability members are not set upting so many services from the union. One of important service they required is to overtake legal advice at the time of facing grievance handling, preparing court cases, protection of their rights etc.At present union has no such legal advisory system. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) can provide such services by establishing a small legal cell. 1. 5 Professional legal support is pricey L egal advice and legal support is always a costly service not only in Bangladesh but almost anywhere in the world. Workers income rate are very poor, their social security placement are also weak. Working section are always facing serious problem when they get some problem on their job. Workers jobs are always on risk. The employers have so much power to terminate 3 the job of workers.To face the legal court cases professional lawyers services they need but their services are very costly. Workers have no ability to pay for that. 1. 6 New Labor Code The countrys constitution guaranteed all the fundamental rights of the citizen and every body are equal in the eye of law, irrespective of color, sex, class, profession and religion. Bangladesh is a member of ILO since 1972 and obtained membership of the UN in 1974. though it has sanctioned 7 out of 8 core ILO Conventions the employers are use to ignoring the law. Most of the ratified ILO conventions are not fully implemented.The prese nt labour law of the country should be updated a complete labour codification should be passed. A step was taken in this regard in 1994 and a labor reckon was proposed. Trade Union federations of the country made their recommendations and suggestions to make the code a complete document for defend workers rights, but the government is still to pass the code. BILS 2005 1. 7 The functions of Labor Union A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals in trace areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor.The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and load members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This whitethorn include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, body of work safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders a re binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. These organizations may comprise individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed.The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their study Over the last triple hundred years, many trade unions have real into a number of forms, influenced by differing political and stinting regimes. The im intermeddle objectives and activities of trade unions vary and include 4 Provision of benefits to members Early trade unions, like neighborly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses.In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Collective n egociate Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. Industrial effect Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole.To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour troupe in Britain) for public office. (wikipedia) 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 Ordinance XXIII of 1969 13th November, 1969 This code is about formation of trade unions, the regulation of relations between employers and workmen and the avoidance and colony of any differences or disputes arising between them or matters committed therewith. Certain related parts are depicted below.Sec 2(v) Collective bargaining agent in relation to an establishment or industry, means the trade union of workmen which, under section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment or, as the case may be, industry, in the matter of collective bargaining Sec 2(xiii) Industrial Dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of work of any person 5Sec 2(xxiv) Settlement means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceeding, and includes an agreement between an employer and his workmen arrived at otherwise than in the course of any conciliation proceeding, where such agreement is in writing, has been signed by the parties thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has been sent to the Government, the babys dummy and such other person as may be prescribed Sec 2(xxvi) Trade Union means any combination of workmen or employers formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen andemployers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct or any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions Sec 3 Trade unions and emancipation of association. Subject to the provisions contained in this Ordinancea) Workers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization b) Employers, without distinct whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorizationc) Trade unions and employers associations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full free dom, to organize their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes d) Workers and employers organizations shall have the right to establish and join federations and confederations and any such organization, federation or confederation shall have the right to affiliate with international organizations and confederations of workers and employers organization Khan, 2006 p. p155-162 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 Act no. 23 of 2004 4th September, 2004 This Act made provisions for recognizing the right of the workers to form association, regulation of relations and settlement of differences or disputes arising between employers 6and workers in Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 5 Workers representation and welfare committee. (1) After first of this Act, the Executive Chairman or any officer authorized by him in that behalf, shall require the employer and the workers in an industrial unit in a zone to constitute, in prescribed manner, a Workers Representation and welfare Committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee. Sec 11 Duration and cessation of committee. (1) A committee constituted in a Zone shall be in existence till October 31, 2006 Sec 13 Formation of Workers Association. (1) With going of October 31, 2006 and beginning of November 1, 2006, the workers in an industrial unit situated within the territorial limits of a Zone shall have the right to form association to engage in industrial relations subject to the provisions made by or under this Act. Khan, 2006 p. p497-506 1. 10 Labor union activities in Bangladesh The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3. 5 percentage of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are bound to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises. jibe to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and ap proximately 5,450 trade unions.The largest of these are the Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League (BJSL) the Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD) the Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP) the Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC) and the Jatio Sramik League (JSL). These bodies are organized together in the ICFTU Bangladesh Council. About 1. 8 million of the countrys workers belong to unions, out of a total workforce of approximately 58 million. The unions tend to have strong links to major political parties or are controlled by political figures, and they often lead political action and strikes in the country. Strikes are extremely common in Bangladesh and can paralyze business activities for weeks. The private sector is less unionized and trade unions are practically banned from the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) until 2008, as the EPZ is exempted from certain labor laws.In case of industrial dispute the problems are supposed to be solved through the Labor Tribunal. 7 impertinent many Mi ddle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are primarily involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men. Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women. However, in the rural areas the women very often are disadvantaged and among the poorer members of the communities. Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women.However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men. National Economies Encyclopedia 1. 11 Trade union activities in RMG sector Trade Union movement in garments sector is very weak. Even it is weaker than the other sectors. There are 8 country wide registered trade union federations. There are 9 federations registered as division based. Another 5 registered federations are combined with Jute, T extile and leather Sector. aside from these, there are 6 unregistered federations in this sector. There are 3 alliances in the garment sector. These are 1. Bangladesh Garments Workers Unity Council.2. Bangladesh Garments Workers and Employees Unity Council. 3. B. N. C. C. (Bangladesh Coordinating Committee, affiliated with (ITGLWF). Main reason of the weakness of trade union movement of garment sector in Bangladesh are 1. Disunity and division of organizations. 2. Unlimited and long working hours. 3. absence seizure of Job security. 4. Migration from factory to factory. 5. Absence of weekly holiday and other holidays. 6. Majority of women. 7. State policy. 8. Elite class ownership. 9. Low wage. 10. Unemployment of the country. Though there were 16 unions representing garment workers in January 2006, according to the Democratic Workers Party the aim of unionization among workers was very low. Where unions were involved, they act more like extortionists, taking money from management to keep the employees in line while at the same time collecting dues from their members, with whom they had virtually no contact. Most of the unions had consider or indirect links with local and foreign NGOs, and receiving lucrative grants seems to be their main goal. July 14th, 2006 by Libcom Most of the trade unions appeared to be tools of one or other of the political parties, strikes being used more as vehicles for pursuing political goals against rival parties than improving 8 workers conditions.The Nation Garment Workers Federation apparently is an censure to this, being a more grass-roots organization, closer to an expression of workers selforganization emerging from their own struggles. It would be too favourable and simplistic to apply critiques of modern western business unions to such an formation. 11 years ago the NGWF was an organisation with 3 workers paid a basic garment workers wage in operation(p) out of a devolve in a workers slum. Working in conditions more similar for workers in Europe a century or two ago, basic organization for defence and improvement of working conditions is a matter, sometimes, of whether one starves or not.With rapid large-scale proletarianisation of rural workers in many parts of Asia (China, India etc) struggles for unionization are likely to follow. Though organising trade unions were banned by employers in the EPZs, this has changed, as one of the concessions won by the revolt. This is anyway a convenient concession for the owners a Bill was introduced into the US Senate which, if passed, would ban all imports produced in sweatshops. This is a form of US trade protectionism and corporate image management expressed as concern for workers conditions. The Bill would penalize Bangladesh, Jordan etc and Americas big rival China in, for example, the garment industry, by attempting to undercut their present advantage of cheaper labour costs. the great Los Angeles area has surpassed the New York area as the center of the North American garment industry. Home to more than 1,000 manufacturers who employ an estimated 90,000 workers, most of them immigrant, the garment and related industries account for as much as 10 percent of Los Angeles economy, according to Sweatshop Slaves. Nearly one in five local employees today work in the garment industry, making it Los Angeles leading manufacturing sector. (Review of Sweatshop Slaves Asian Americans in the Garment Industry, Various, 2006. ) As well as the dire conditions of employment, the low level of unionism is one likely reason for the ferocity of the workers response.When it erupts, unmediated class war is generally conducted more brutally on both sides. The Bangladesh state finally realised this when it brought in union officials to mediate and negotiate an end to the rebellion. In the long term, union representation is usually granted by the bosses as a necessary safety valve mechanism and tool of management for the stability of the production process. Libcom 2006 9 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ units Labor union was banned from EPZ units until 2008. For the first time in the country, 69 industrial units in Dhaka and Chittagong export processing zones (EPZ) have introduced workers associations on the basis of referendums by workers.At the same time, workers of 22 industrial units have voted for not having any trade union body for themselves for all the same another year. The referendums on having workers associations were held from January to the middle of this month. There are 124 more eligible industrial units in these two EPZs which will have to hold their referendums by 2010 as per a decision of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on the basis of a 2004 act on allowing trade union activities. Although referendums are supposed to be held without any outside(a) influence and spontaneously by the workers, BEPZA is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold them as short as possible.American labour gro up that has been pushing hard for implementing trade union rights at the EPZs has mounted pressure on the government to have the associations as soon as possible. The factories at the EPZs on an average pay 40 percent more than the factories outside the EPZs. Yet during last years unrest, some of the best paying factories in the EPZs came under attack by their own workers. Owners of these factories and law enforcement agencies have said this unrest was prompted by outsiders for their petty gains. Although the referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, the Bepza is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold the referendums as soon as possible.The president of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Labour Federation, said, Lack of proper monitoring by the government, lack of sincerity of the owners and ignorance of workers of most factories are not complying with the law. bangladeshnews. com. bd, 23 March 2008 1. 13 The situation d uring caretaker government Garments are Bangladeshs main export, and have been a major contributor to the countrys economic growth in recent years. The industry has also been important in creating jobs for women. International companies that source garments in Bangladesh should insist that the Bangladeshi government end harassment of labor rights activists, said Adams.They should make it clear that labor organizing and activism is part of the deal when operating in the 10 world economic system and that they will not accept it if activists are jailed, affright or harassed by the authorities. Bangladesh has been under a state of emergency since January 11, 2007. The emergency rules have located serious limits on civil and political rights, and have severely diluted constitutional protections of individual rights. In a letter to the government dated August 1, 2007, Human Rights specify called for the lifting of the state of emergency. Emergency force Rules of January 25, 2007 proh ibits processions, meetings, assemblies and trade union activities.The interim government is abusing its emergency powers to target individuals who are trying to protect workers rights in Bangladeshs most important export industry, said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch on the backdrop of the arrest of Mehedi Hasan of the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) on January 24, 2008. He was arrested and detained by National Security Intelligence in Dhaka. His arrest is believed to be directly linked to the labor rights monitoring that he carried out for WRC, a nongovernmental organization that investigates labor practices at apparel factories, largely on behalf of US colleges and universities. Hasan is being held for violating Articles 3 and 4(1) of the Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007. In recent days, the authorities have invoked Emergency Power Rules and have filed evil cases against dozens of trade union members, including leaders of the Bangladesh Independent Garmen t Workers Union Federation.Many other labor rights activists have complained to Human Rights Watch about being threatened and being under constant surveillance. According to police sources, a number of international organizations and their staff members are currently being monitored for allegedly engineering science or inciting subversive activities within the garment industry. 1. 14 ILO Directives The International Labour Organisation rapped Bangladesh for its continuing mischance to provide full trade union freedoms in the country and for permitting serious violations of ILO Conventions both in law and in practice. In particular, it deplored the obstacles to the establishment of unions in Export Processing Zones and the arrest and harassment of union leaders and activists in the garment sector. 11And the ILOs Committee on the Application of Standards singled out Bangladesh for special tutelage expressing concern over the escalation of industrial violence stressing that freedom of association could only be exercised in a climate that was free from violence, pressure or threats of any kind against trade union leaders and members. The Committee demanded that the Bangladesh Government take measures for the amendment of the Labour Act and the EPZ Workers Associations and Industrial Relations Act so as to conduct them into full conformity with the provisions of ILO Convention 87 which Bangladesh has ratified and is duty-bound to observe. The ILO called upon the Bangladesh Government to ensure that all workers were fully guaranteed the protection of the Convention and demanded that the nece

Hospitality Management Essay Example for Free

Hospitality Management EssayIn general, there are cardinal approaches to enquiry Qualitative and Quantitative. Qualitative approaches are research that is carried out through interviews and observances. This kind of research enables a researcher to investigate in little more detail on the soulfulness perceptions of a phenomenon. Since the research deals with the personal, therefore, such an investigation is limited in its scope. To be specific, in this idea, we would employ qualitative approaches to research. There are two approaches in qualitative research, interviews and observations, but in this paper we merely examine observations systems. By development this order, we enable a researcher to investigate and find out a phenomenon in much from individual perceptions. Moreover, observation becomes an distinguished technique for collecting data concerning what occurs in a real-life situation. This method also helps us to reach an understanding about the perceptions of those who are being studied, in that situation. To be specific, we employ non-participant observation method especially by analyzing qualitative information from journals, books, magazines and many more.The reason we choose observation method is because it is an important research tool in which it allows us to asseverate opposite muckle in a essential setting or in a more artificial experimental situation. Moreover, by using observation method we can collect and gather data in natural settings concerning what is really going on in a real-life situation. The most important of conducting observation is it gives researchers with an understanding about the perceptions about things or people we observe.However, since observation deals with someones perception, we plan to avoid preconceptions since it would provide this research with some bias. Observation method we employ in this paper is non-participant observation. The reason we choose non-participant observation method is becaus e this method allows us to observe people or organization in a natural setting or in a more artificial experimental situation. The method does not involve direct interviews which provide slightly drop objectivity and the accuracy of information.We are retrieving more reliable data from experts analysis, journals and various publications from on hand(predicate) media. Using the data resources above, we are hoping to present an independent and objective analysis toward the con interim issue. Furthermore, based on the non-participative observation method, we crush three elements of hospitality industry especially related to accommodation Revenue per Available Room (RevPAR), dwell Supply, and Rooms Demand. The data used in the figure are composing 11 year cut through consisting the five years before and after the events.Conducting research about the impact of the 2010 Winter prodigious Games on the economy of Vancouver, first of all, it should follow the aims and objectives of t opic as provided in the section above. This investigation will approximate three key implications of conducting the 2010 Winter Olympics Games by mixing the economics and potential benefits that hospitality industry top executive obtain during the Games. All of them, however, will impact toward the long term economy growth in the study.The solvent of non-participant observation is not only the benefits that hospitality industry in Vancouver obtain but also perils of the fracture budget allocation from public services to the development of facilities to support the Games. The three implications that we conduct and explore in this paper are as following 1. Attractiveness. We provide the findings whether the Olympic Games are attractive from a fiscal point of view like the euphoria of the sport supporters might be. In this manner, we will assess a substantial net cost to the public treasury that the British Columbias government should expense2. Estimated economic impact. We provide justification on whether the British Columbias Government should decide to become the host in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games based in the estimated economic impacts. In this manner, like everyday evaluation of economy growth, we will provide assessment of the Games impact on the province where unemployment is high and collide with whether it is true that the Games will provide long-term additional employment opportunities. Or else the Games only provide temporary solution for high unemployment rate in the British Columbia and thus the effective subsidy per affair would be very high3. Supporting Justification. While the first two assessments are likely to provide the negative feedback for the British Columbia government in becoming the host of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, this tierce evaluation is likely to provide potential justification, i. e. several benefits, for Columbians to become the hosts and spectators of the Games and users of the facilities they provide. However, th is evaluation will answer whether the honour of those benefits outweighs the cost and risks the Olympic Games provide.In other words, it means that government of British Columbia should decide and consider whether these Games benefits are higher priority than the government services or investment that would be displaced, or spendable income that would have to be taxed to pay the net cost of the Games. The method does not involve direct interviews which will slightly reduce objectivity and the accuracy of information. We are retrieving more reliable data from experts analysis, journals and various publications from available media.Using the data resources above, we are hoping to present an independent and objective analysis toward the contemporary issue. Therefore, only numerical approach is not enough to provide comprehensive solution on the impact of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games on the economy of Vancouver. This is because this observation is limited in its scope. This is due t o like other observation-type research paper people would argue that the findings and claims we made on the relation between security and e-commerce cannot be generalized to other contexts.BibliographyInternational Hospitality Management 2005.University of Brighton. Retrieved May 24, 2005 from http//www. bton. ac. uk/ssm/Courses/Undergraduate/N221info. shtml Case, Karl E. , and Ray C. Fair. Principles of Economics. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 1999 Olympic Costs and Benefits. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives BC Office. Retrieved May 24, 2005 from http//www. greenclub. bc. ca/English/Green_Club_Web/Participation_Record/Vancouver_Olympic/Costs_and_Benefits/costs_and_benefits. htm Vancouvers inhabit Industry 2010 Olympic Impact. Retrieved June 17, 2005 from http//www. hotel-online. com/News/PR2005_1st/Feb05_VancouverHost. html

Slaughterhouse Five Essay Example for Free

Slaughterhouse Five EssaySlaughterhouse-Five explores fate, fan outhanded go forth, and the illogical nature of merciful beings. Protagonist Billy Pilgrim is unstuck in time, randomly experiencing the events of his life, with no idea of what part he will next visit. Billy Pilgrim says there is no free will, an assertion confirmed by a Tralfamadorian, who says, Ive visited 31 inhabited planets in the public. Only on Earth is there any talk of free will. The storys interchange concept is that most of tenderity is insignificantthey do what they do, because they must. To the Tralfamadorians, everything simultaneously exists, therefore, everyone is always alive. They, too, have wars and suffer tragedies (they destroy the universe whilst testing spaceship fuels), but, when Billy asks what they do round wars, they reply that they simply ignore them. The Tralfamadorians counter Vonneguts neat theme life, as a hu humans being, is only enjoyable with unknowns.Tralfamadorians do not make choices most what they do, but have power only over what they think (the subject of Timequake). Vonnegut expounds his position in chapter one, that paper an anti-war book is like writing an anti-glacier book, both being futile endeavours, since both phenomena are unstoppable. Like overmuch of Vonneguts other works (e.g., The Sirens of Titan), Slaughterhouse-Five explores the concept of fatalism. The Tralfamadorians represent the belief in war as inevitable. In their wretched destruction of the universe, Vonneguts characters do not sympathize with their philosophy. To human beings, Vonnegut says, ignoring a war is unacceptable when we have free will however, he does not explicitly state that we actually have free will, leaving open the possibility that he is satirizing the concept of free will as a product of human irrationality.This human senselessness appears in the climax that occurs, not with the Dresden fire bombing, but with the summary execution of a man who commi tted a petty theft. Amid all that horror, death, and destruction, time is taken to punish one man. Yet, the time is taken, and Vonnegut takes the outback(a) opinion of the bird asking, Poo-tee-weet? The same birdsong ends the novel God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Slaughterhouse-Five is framed with chapters in the authors voice, about his experience of war, indicating the novel is intimately connected with his life and convictions. That established, Vonnegut withdraws from the unfolding of Billy Pilgrims story, despite continual appearances as a minor character in the POW camp latrine, exiting the train at Dresden, the corpse mines of Dresden, when he mistakenly dials Billys telephone number. These authorial appearances anchor Billy Pilgrims life to reality, set off his existential struggle to fit in the human world.

Friendship Essay Example for Free

Friendship actIn our society, no one can live without friends. It would be a lonely and bored demeanor without friend. Life becomes more beautiful when we extradite friends. But what is friendship? Different heart experiences make up different meanings of friendship for different people. I believe a friend can sh ar our gratification and sorrow and is always with us to solve our problems and make us happy. Friendship is about action, not a state of mind. A friend can support us while we be on the skillful path and can gravel the courage to stand in front of you when you are in the upon way. Our friendships change while we grow up, especially for teenagers. The teenage years are a time of physical, emotional, and accessible growth and change. As teenagers, we all want to make friends. When we are younger, our parents control us. We do not have time to make our own friends. As we grow up, our parents give us more free time. We travel to make our own friends and hang out with them.I have many friends. One of them is Joana Rose Nacional, Joana for short. She was natural on October 27, 1999. Her parents are Evelyn and Godofredo Nacional. She is a fine girl of fair complexion with straight brown hairsbreadth flowing on her head. She has two beautiful eyes and a well set nose. Her weight which is 50 kilograms is really more than mine. Shes more healthy than I am, and she loves food. In fact, she likes sinigang na baboy, her mothers lasagna, pastel de lengua, lengua estofado, ice cream and chocolates. Her positron emission tomography colors are green, blue, and red.Her favorite books are Harry Potter, Tuesdays with Morrie, and others. Her favorite kind of clothes are those with a touch of Korean and American fashion. Her favorite symbol is a star because, according to her, she wants to shine at the darkest part of other peoples life. Her favorite subjects are Grammar Composition and Mathematics. As a big KPOP fan, her favorite celebrities are those o f Korean ethics. She descirbes herself as Religious.Her ambitions in life are to be a lawyer or a graduate in Engineering or Chemical Engineering. All she wishes for are to go to Korea ,meet her favorite KPOP artists and get to live with them, travel around the world, have a successful life, and most importantly, have a peaceful and happy life with her family.Most of us may make friends and are very careful of whom we choose. We choose friends as we grow up because we vex to realize what true friends are. We have more experiences in life. We know what kind of friends we need. Friends never fade away, in fact, they grow better with time. Friendship comes so rarely, and without it, we are lost. Whatever happens, we should keep our friends close to our heart, tell them how they are important to us and not let them slip away. If they do, go out and get them back.

Gsis Museo Ng Sining Essay Example for Free

Gsis Museo Ng Sining EssayMuseo ng Sining was established in April 1996. Its creation is a tri savee to the fanciful endeavors of the contemporary Filipino. Its vision is to help define the growth and glorious flowing of Philippine visual arts. Its objectives argon To collect Philippine art and artistic expressions from the colonial period to the present . To exhibit and document Philippine and non-philippine art and artistic expressions . To heighten art appreciation among the 6SIS personnel and the general public The 6SlS Museo ng Sining functions non only as an army space but as an ducational technology as well. It has the following activities unending exhibition of the 6SlS guile Collection Changing exhibition in the galleries featuring cultural themes and works of new artists Art activities, lectures, workshops, and films focused on the role of art not only as an aesthetic experience but as a significant factor in everyday life 6SIS MUSEUM HELD ME-DISINING EXHIBIT The Government serve up Insurance System (6SlS) held an exhibit in honor of the works of Toribio Herrera, one of the pioneers of Philippine painting in the 1920s who set the tone for modern day artists.The exhibit, titled MediSining The Art of Toribio Herrera, MD, is held at the Upper header of the 6SlS Museum of Art in Pasay City and ran up to November 30, 2009 In his lifetime, Herrera never exhibited his works to the public nor sold a painting as he did not seek monetary rewards for his art. In fact, his very first exhibition was held in 1972, four years after his death. Born in Tondo in 1892, Herrera first graduated in Medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in 1912.Later, he took a second course in Fine humanities at the University of the Philippines, and as eventually accepted to teach there. Influenced by a deep understanding of some(prenominal) intricate human anatomy and the profound brush strokes and lines that make up perspective, his paintings are a triumph to behold, said 6SlS President and General Manager Winston F. Garcia, in appreciation of the works of Herrera. His scenes are simple to that degree very moving. Herrera was part of the Amorsolo, Castaneda, Miranda Group of Filipino Genre Masters who set the tone of Philippine painting, specially during the 1920s. We are lucky that in this country, we have our artists, who keep efining us as a country and as a generation, Mr. Garcia added. SA AMIN MAY SINING The 6SlS Museum, in partnership with Kuta ng Sining, Inc. , also showcased the works of Quezon artists last August 7 to 28, 2009 entitled Sa amin may Sining. The province of Quezon is not only known for its Pahiyas festivity but also for the ingeniousness and creativity of its home-grown artists. Featured artists in Sa amin may Sining include Noel P. Bueza, Erick Dator, Norman F. Ragudo, Monnar Baldemor, Jowell Gaela, and Efren D.Nantes. GSIS PAINTING rivalry cross the country, gives out-of-door hundreds of thousands of pesos each yea r to showcase the Filipinos rich talent in art. For this years competition, the 6SlS decided to have an outdoors theme to encourage artists to explore their best in presenting and conceptualizing their artwork entry. The categories for this years competition include depictive and non-representational. The 6SlS will give away Pl . 2 million this year, with the first prize winner for each form going home with P300,OOO.The second placer for both categories will each receive P200,OOO and PIOO,OOO for the hird prize. 6SlS ANNUAL ART COMPETITION The Government Service Insurance System (6SlS) believes in the Filipino artist and his invaluable role in shaping how the country thinks. For the sixth year. , the 6SlS is renewing its pledge to support artists all over the country by means of the Annual Art Competition, which aims to showcase the best paintings and sculptures of this generation. Beyond ensuring lives and property, the 6SlS also insures national heritage, for a nation that car ries its artists is a nation that carries itself forward.

Chocolate Market Essay Example for Free

java Market EssayDiscover the latest mart trends and uncover sources of future trade branch for the java Confectionery industry in United terra firma with research from Euromonitors team of in-country analysts. Find hidden opportunities in the most current research data available, agnise competitive threats with our detailed market analysis, and plan your corporate strategy with our expert qualitative analysis and process projections. If youre in the Chocolate Confectionery industry in United Kingdom, our research will save you cartridge holder and money while empowering you to make informed, profitable decisions. The Chocolate Confectionery in United Kingdom market research report includes * Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends* Detailed segmentation of international and local products * diachronic volumes and values, company and brand market sh ares * Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth * Robust and diaphanous market research methodology, conducted in-country Our market research reports answer questions such as* What is the market size of Chocolate Confectionery in United Kingdom? * What are the major brands in United Kingdom? * What are market opportunities for health and wellness minded dark java? * What are market opportunities for ethically sourced java? * How might increasingly volatile cocoa bean commodity prices impact retail prices and sales achievement?Sample Analysis * Chocolate confectionery sales are expected to grow by 6% in value and 1% in volume equipment casualty in 2011. The industry continues to be unnatural by food price inflation that includes rising prices for ingredients such as cocoa, milk and sugar. The value growth for the category stems mainly from unit price increases of 5% to 8.80 per kg. The unrest in the Ivory Coast is similarly seen as a reason for fluctuating cocoa prices however other sources such as gold coast tend to compensate for supply deficiency from the Ivory Coast.* Cadb ury UK Ltd continued to lead chocolate confectionery in 2010, accounting for 31% of value sales. The acquisition by Kraft Foods Inc, in February 2010, did not seem to block off retail sales of Cadbury UK Ltds brands. In September 2010, the company announced the launch of Cadbury Dairy draw Bliss. The new chocolate is a tablet targeted at women. The launch was supported by a 2.2 meg advertising campaign. The company also continued its renew of old favourites to maintain the retro trend it started with the revivification of Wispa. It repackaged its Starbar and Picnic countlines in November 2010. The company trialled cardboard boxes for its Cadburys Roses during Christmas 2010 however it has confirmed that it is not going to revamp the packaging fully to cardboard as tin boxes for Cadburys Roses are seen as a Christmas tradition.* Chocolate confectionery is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4% in constant value terms and 1% in volume terms over the forecast period. Consumers will cont inue to eat chocolate confectionery products as a treat and will choose chocolate to indulge. With both the government and consumers on the lookout about obesity in the UK, low calories and portion-controlled offerings will be welcomed by the marketplace.

Impact of Globalisation on Africa Essay Example for Free

Impact of globoseisation on Africa EssayThis course leave behind examine the critical and rapidly changing government agency of the distinguish at the beginning of a young millennium as a result of internal and external factors, paying(a) special attention to the show as a central symbolizeer in ensuring the provision of worldly concern services, as wholesome as facing the impertinently ch whollyenges emerging around the world. It will enable students to pass judgment the impact of spheric economic liberalisation and information dissemination on governments and their constituents engage in specialised analyses of the changing intent of the nominate, the different actors and stake-holders involved, the mechanisms of system at different levels and the emerging frustrations and violence. identify the capacities of and constraints facing organisation processes critique the manner in which reforms undertaken by governments impact social, cultural and economic exploitation and analyse the ch allenges go about by governance with regard to democratisation To accomplish this, the course is divided into three thematic beas 1. The verbalise and the People (internal factors) Under this first fall apart of the course, students will identify the basic components of state-craft, the different actors who come into play in decision making, the relative importance of each over the course of history, the constants in different geographical contexts, etc. With the advent of fresh economic, social, and environmental quarrels, there is a strong sense among governments that their scope for self-reliant public action is being reduced by the forces of globalisation and the consequent growth of inter-dependence among states.Sound governance in the public heavens is a critical factor for continued progress. A determined parkway is thus required by governments in refocussing the capacities of the public sector to meet the emerging challenges, and t o grasp the opportunities throw up by the global trends in a new millennium. 2. The terra firma and globalization (external factors) Under this countenance part, students will review the process of rapidly increase globalization, and its impact on the role of the state, the process of change magnitude inter-connectedness in the midst of societies such that events in one part of the world have increasing instals on people and societies far away.Economically, multinational flows of commodities and production factors, such as capital and labour, argon being accelerated. Politically, the sovereignty of nation states is being undermined, and certain signifiers of supra-national authorities are being enhanced. Socio-culturally, contacts between peoples in different move of the world have bring easier, enhancing the advent of a global culture and cultural homogenisation.The effect of the consolidation of markets, new information technology, the erosion of sovereignty, the fes tering role of non-state actors, and sub-national groups, and an increasing inter-dependence among states, has resulted in the emergence of a global community, global turn offs, and global actions. Students will analyse the changes required in the functions of the state so that it pot potently mitigate the impact of globalization to ensure sustainable development, and national security.3. Reconstructing the assure (mechanisms of reform) Under this third part, students will review the penury for recasting the roles of the institutions of the state, as head as the normal interaction between the unhomogeneous stakeholders the state, the private sector and the civil society. They will analyse and debate on how national governance institutions behind be reconstructed and retooled in different contexts within a climate of privatisation, participation, and decentralisation, how topical anesthetic governance mess be hiked, how rule of police force and regulatory frameworks c an be established through responsible governance, and how republican space can be raised and maintained.This includes engaging civil society and the private sector in a dynamic partnership to improve the quality of developmental services, enhance social responsibilities, and ensure the broadest participation of citizens in civic life. The task o f the state is to take advantage of the forces of globalisation in providing a secure and stable domestic environment. The course will excessively analyse the manner in which the state can promote the participation of citizens in decision-making, enforce impartial legal frameworks, build transparency and promote accountability and equity, design policies on consensus, and provide strategic vision to overcome the challenges of mitigating the negative impacts of the global economy, transnational bodies, internationalistist law, powers and power blocs, and sub-national fringe groups.READINGS While required readings will consist of the ch ase texts which will be placed on reserve in the Library, additional articles for each lesson may also be do available either over e-mail or in hard copy. Some of these articles are cited in the various lesson descriptions below. Recommended Texts Globalisation, benignant Development Report 1999, UNDP, available for free download at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/ Reinventing Government, David Osborne, 1992. Reconceptualising political science, banter motif 2, UNDP, January 1997, available for free download at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN98-21.PDF/Recon.htm The Third Wave, by Samuel Huntington, print by the University of Oklahoma Press. Development as let loosedom, by Amartya Sen, published by Random House mainstay defends. The worldly concern Turned Upside Down? globalisation and the future of the State, by Berry Jones, published by St. Martins Press. Globalisation and its Discontents, by Joseph Stiglitz, published by W W Norton and Company. The Lex us and the Olive Tree, by Thomas Friedman, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. another(prenominal) General Texts Globalisation and the State, World Public sector Report 2001, United Nations Civil monastic order and Political surmisal, Arato and Cohen, MIT Press, Cambridge. Democratic boldness, March and Olsen, New York Free Press. Globalization and the Nation-State, Holton, London MacMillan.2 The Retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Strange, Cambridge University Press. Marc Williams (1996), Rethinking Sovereignty, Chapter 8, Elenore Kafman and Gillian Youngs (Eds.), Globalization Theory and Practice, London Pinter Globalization Theory and Practice, edited by Youngs, London Pinter The spill of Sovereignty How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World. Wriston, New York Charles Scribner. Governance in the 21st degree Celsius , Rosenau in Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. I (Winter 1995) Globalisation, State Sovereignity, a nd the Endless Accumulation of Capital. Arrighi.A new version of a paper presented at the States and Sovereignity in the World Economy conference, University of California, Irvine, 21-23 Feb. 1997. What Future for the State?, Strange, Daedalus Vol 124, (Spring 1995), 56. The Defective State, Strange, Daedalus Vol 124, Number 2, Spring 1995. The Retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Strange, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996 Governance and Politics in Africa, Goran and Bratton, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. Colorado, USA. Institutions , institutional change and economic performance. North, Cambridge University Press. Making democracy work, Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanette, Princeton Princeton University Press.CLASS POLICIES Class appointment Class participation is essential in this course, and therefore, prison termly and regular class attention is mandatory. Class attendance will be tag at the very beginning of each class. Attendance will be gra ded. Except for serious emergencies, and medical reasons, which must be brought to notice immediately over e-mail, absences or easy arrival will not be excused. It should be clearly noted that almost leash of the Final Grade is dependant on attendance and punctuality. Drafting Particular emphasis will be placed in this class on building up an ability to draft appointees and papers in a grammatically correct and logical manner, in presentations that can run tilt and conviction with the reader. The comparable will hold true of vocal presentations in class.Email Because of the importance attached to email and weathervane pages, all students must have proper email accounts, and must check them regularly every day. (All email comprehendes will be collected in the first class). Students should also maintain a group address (Listserv) of all classmates, including the Professor, so that messages of common interest can be circulated to all. Reference economy All email correspondenc e MUST contain the following four-part Reference Formula in FOUR places, namely, (a) as the that subject of the email (b) as the only first line of the text of the email (c) as part of the header of any attached assignment, and (d) as the filename of the attachment (initials of university)-(course symbol)-(initials of student)-(assignment number)3Example of the four-part Reference Formula NYU-G-XXX-A (where NYU stands for New York University, G stands for Globalisation, XXX are the students initials in capital letters, and A is the assignment number). Format of assignments Assignments will normally be submitted in hard copies, and must be saved in Microsoft Word (or WordPerfect) format exclusively. They should be saved with the same filename as the Reference Formula above, so that no confusion is ever created. Web-Sites each(prenominal) student will be encouraged to maintain a personal vane-page, which will be graded. (Some tips on the quickest office to establish student web-si tes will be discussed in the first class).In addition, a Class Web-Page may also be maintained as a group project. Each student will have to provide a personal thumbnail show and a few lines of descriptive text for this Class Web-Page. These thumbnails have to be provided within the first 2 weeks of class. Other material on the class web-page will include summaries of class notes, and links to the personal web pages of each student reflecting their respective assignments. Assignments Assignments will include (a) One Mid-Term root word (4-6 pages, single space, Garamond 12 or 14 pt. font, or equivalent) to be hustling and submitted by the 7th week of class. (b) One Final Paper (14-16 pages, single space, Garamond 12-14 pt. font, or equivalent) to be prepared and submitted by the 12th week of class.(c) Class Notes to be prepared each week by designated students working separately or in couples for each of the class sessions. (d) verbal presentations, supported by Summaries, on s ome of the essential texts (note The summary of the presentation MUST be circulated to all students and to the professor via email a full 24 hours forrader the presentation). Class Notes The objective is to maintain a complete record of the notes from each class on the home-page. The assigned group (which will always be different from the group preparing the presentations) will be responsible for preparation of the class notes.Class notes MUST be written within 24 hours after the class, and then circulated immediately via email to all. Class notes should not be longer then one page and should contain the following 1. The gist of the topics discussed in class. 2. The lessons learned news show The daily reading of at least one leading American newspaper (New York Times, Wall lane Journal, Washington Post, etc), one major foreign newspaper or weekly (London Guardian, Economist, etc), and one major American quarterly ( foreign Report) is required.All are available over the Internet. GRADING POLICY razing Notes In sagaciousness the quality of all assignments, the total grade for each of these will be divided into three portions, tierce for the quality and formatting of the presentation, one-third for the factual accuracy of research, and one-third for the strength and persuasiveness of the opinions expressed. Extra weight will be given for any visible improvement of work manifested over the semester.4 leveling values A+ (98-100) A (94-97) A-(90-93) B+ (88-89) B (84-87) B-(80-83) C+ (78-79) C (74-77) C-(70-73) D (60-69) F (59-less) Grading Break-up Attendance and participation Web-page maintenance Assignments (oral and written) Final or Term Paper SCHEDULE OF LECTURES30% 10 % 30 % 30 % academic session 1 INTRODUCTION Class policies and ground rules regarding, drafting techniques, web-sites, email addresses, oral book presentations, etc., and the road map of the semester will be discussed in detail. posing 2 THE ROLE OF THE cite RIGHTS, DUTIES AND OBLIGATI ONS This session reviews the definitions of the state, including the institutions of the legislature, the judiciary, electoral bodies as they have traditionally been conceptualised. What are the duties of the state to the public? What levels of government carry out what duties? How does legislature respond to the inescapably of the state, its duties and obligations? Governments are established to respond to the needs of their populations?What are these needs? How are they defined? What right do the people have to demand them? How do they make their concerns cognize? And in turn do they have duties to fulfill in their capacities as private citizens that contribute to the muted functioning of their governments? What is the role of citizenry in good governance and in the legal functioning of the state? Book entry Globalisation, Human Development Report 1999, UNDP Other discussion Papers Public Sector Management, Governance and Sustainable Human Development. treatment Paper1. UNDP , BDP/MDGD. January 1995, obtainable at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN9821.PDF/Psm.htm The Challenge to the southwesterly, The Report of the South Commission, 1992. Available through http//www.southcentre.org/ The Rise of the Brand State, Peter van Ham, Foreign Affairs, Sep-Oct 2001 academic session 3 spirit globalization This session will attempt to define the parameters of the forces of globalisation in their historical and functional contexts. How does globalisation today differ from its earlier versions? What are the respective roles of the state and the private sector in utilize theseforces ?How do states, citizens, businesses, benefit from these forces ? Who gains and who loses out in the process. Book Presentation Reinventing Government, David Osborne, 1992. Other dscussion papers Selling Globalization The Myth of the Global Economy, by Michael Veseth Globalisation, Human Development Report 1999, UNDP, Available at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/default.cfm Th e Clash of Globalisations, Stanley Hoffman, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug 2002 SESSION 4 GOVERNANCE AS A BASIC PRE-CONDITION TO SUSTAINABLE information Governance is a basic precondition for sustainable economic, social and political development. This lesson will look at the linkages between governance and development that is sustainable.It will review how systems of governance can effect development positively or negatively and the challenges posed to the state and society. It will also look at accountability and transparency in dealing especially with corruption, which is a major concern in most countries. Book Presentation Reconceptualising Governance, Discussion Paper 2, UNDP, January 1997 Other discussion Papers Governance for Sustainable Development, a UNDP Policy Document, 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/policy/default.htm Corruption and redeeming(prenominal) Governance. Discussion Paper 3. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. July 1997 Available at http//magnet.undp.org/ under Discussion Papers Series. SESSION 5 THE INTEGRATION OF MARKETS, TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATIONThis lesson reviews the impact of globalization on nations and countries all over the world. It examines the development of new technologies, and rapid information communications that are breaking down barriers of time and distance. It looks at the effect of unprecedented integration of trade and financial transactions through electronic means and the massive diffusion of information through Internet and satellites. It examines the effect of globalization on the sovereignty of the state and the need for a change in its role. Book Presentation The Third Wave, by Samuel Huntington, published by the University of Oklahoma Press.Other discussion Papers Globalization and the Nation-State, by Robert J. Holton, London MacMillan, Philip G. Cerny (1996), What Next for the State?, Chapter 9, Elonore Kafman and Gillian Youngs (Eds.), Globalization Theory and Practice, London Pinter. The Knowledge Gap, Avinesh Persa ud, Foreign Affairs, Mar-Apr 2001 SESSION 6 THE EROSION OF SOVEREIGNTY The process of globalisation is undermining the sovereignty of nation states and will lead to the eventual disintegration of the sovereign states system in international politics.The sovereignty of nations is being undermined by multiple rootages technology, civil society, global consensus on issues such as forgiving rights, democracy and governance. However, sovereign states are still the basic constituents of the international society. This lesson will look at the effect of globalization on the sovereignty of the state and review policies that need to be adopted to meet the requirements of the international community.Book Presentation Development as Freedom, by Amartya Sen, published by Random House Anchor Books. Other discussion Papers Philip G. Cerny (1996), What Next for the State?, Chapter 9, Elonore Kafman and Globalization Theory and Practice, by Gillian Youngs (Eds.), London Pinter, The Twilight of So vereignty How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World, by Wriston, Walter, New York Charles Scribner, Will the Nation State survive Globalisation, Martin Wolf, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2001 SESSION 7 THE GROWING ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS The modern state is witnessing civil society, NGOs and the private sector sightly more powerful at the expense of the state. In some countries, the influence of some transnational corporations (TNCs) has become greater than that of the state.These TNCs are the most important single force creating global shifts in economic activity, and their strategies and trading operations are much influenced by the forces of technological change. Moreover, private investment has become a major source of funding for development activities. How can the state interact with these non-state actors gradually gaining a more prominent role? This lesson explores the different experiences and responses of nations to answer this question. Book Presentation Th e World Turned Upside Down? Globalization and the Future of the State, by Berry Jones, published by St. Martins Press. Other discussion Papers Governance in the Twenty-first Century, by Rosenau, James N. in Global Governance Vol. 1, No. I (Winter 1995) Public Sector Management, Governance and Sustainable Human Development.Discussion Paper 1. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. January 1995, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN9821.PDF/Psm.htm Assignment submission deadline for one of the following topics 1 How is globalization affecting the poor and other disadvantaged groups in developing and developed countries. Each student can either take one country or one aspect of globalization to prepare this summary. In other words the unit of analysis could either be one issue/aspect of globalization applied to different countries, or one country through which all aspects are brought together. or 2 Critically examine the problems of the civic and corporate responsibilities of multinational corporations. Students can either consider one company, or prepare a general note to examine how private sector companies can share social and economic responsibility for the communities and groups in which they work. Such responsibilities might include, among other possibilities, support to local economic development, increasing awareness of human rights, supporting the government to fight cross border corruption, etc..SESSION 8 THE INCREASING INTER-DEPENDENCE AMONG STATES on that point is visible evidence about the emergence of a global community, global issues and global actions. Examples lie in multi-lateral organisations as in the United Nations system, and in regional institutions, as in the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, etc. Increasing interaction among states in tackling political, economic and financial issues, has resulted in a growing awareness that interaction at regional and global levels is essential in this globalized world. There is a need to address issues of peace, security, economic stability, poverty and health as global concerns.There is an awareness that global actions are becoming essential in effectively tackling problems which are acquiring global dimensions, for example, drugs, terrorism, global warming, crime, poverty, illiteracy, AIDS, etc. There is growing awareness also about the concept of global public goods. How can nations deal with this new interdependence? What is the most effective role for the state? This lesson reviews the effect of rapidly increasing globalisation in the 21st Century and its impact on national governments of the North and South. It looks at the issue of global goods, effectuate on the growth, distribution of incomes, availability of public services, and increasing inequities within countries and across nations and reviews the need for increased quislingism in policy, with particular emphasis on global governance. Book Presentation Globalisation and its Discontents, by Joseph Stiglitz, published by W W Norton and Company.Other discussion Papers Governance in the Twenty-first Century by Rosenau, James in Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. I (Winter 1995) SESSION 9 THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION AND LOCALISATION Globalization is forcing states to cede some sovereignty over global issues. The greater demand for decentralisation and citizen empowerment is also forcing states to devolve power, authority and finances to local levels. What is the role of decentralisation and how can this be distinguished from the process of devolution, and deconcentration? This lesson will look at institutional changes, experiences in decentralisation and democratic governance.Book Presentation The Lexus and the Olive Tree, by Thomas Friedman, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Other discussion Papers Institutions , institutional change and economic performance, by North, Douglass, Cambridge University Press, 1990. Making democracy work, Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanette. 1993. Reconceptu alising Governance. Discussion Paper 2. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. January 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/Docs/UN98-21.PDF/Recon.htm Globalisation, Human Development Report, UNDP, Available at http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/en/default.cfm Globalisations Democratic Defeat, Joseph Nye, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug, 2001 SESSION 10 RETOOLING NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS.Governments and international organisations are faced at all levels with increasing globalisation, population, and growing needs. New forms and ways of government functioning are emerging. The twenty first century is marked by a focus on democratisation, and an increased emphasis on global, national and local governance. The challenge is to restructure national governance institutions to deal with the impact of globalisation and the changing circumstances as well as providing efficient and effective public services with limited funds. Other discussion Papers The new institutionalism Organizatio nal factors in political life. by March, James. G., and Hohan P. Olsen.. American Political Science Review 78 (3) 734-749.SESSION 11 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AT THE INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS The objectives are, ensuring society-based supremacy of laws, establishing regulatory systems to set up effective regulatory frameworks and a rights based system, ensuring equal treatment before laws protecting life, property and human dignity. How is law implemented in multijuridical states? What challenges does this present to governments? How does this affect the democratic representation of each citizen? The session will also look at overarching international juridical bodies who designs them, who informs them, how is their mandate determined and implemented.Particular attention will be focussed on the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO. Country cases are used to illustrate the needs of establishing policies, laws and resource priorities at the national levels to ensure equity and justice , and the upholding of rule of law, bringing security, and predictability to social, political and economic relations in the world. Other discussion Papers The Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Available at http//www.un.org/Overview/rights.html SESSION 12 BUILDING NEW PARTNERSHIPS WITH CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE PRIVATE SECTORWhat constitutes civil society? What is the most effective role of civil society organisations at the local, regional and global level? Do they and should they have well defined mandates? How can they work collaboratively with government? In addition, beginning with a review of the traditional role of the private sector in the stability of a nation-state,what are the moral, financial and legal obligations that the private sector has both to governments and to its constituents, addressing the question of the appropriate tools for regulation, if any. It examines the vital role of the private sector in good governance and in mitigating the negative e ffects of globalisation. Other discussion Papers Citizens, Strengthening Global Civil Society. CIVICUS. respectable Governance and Trade Policy Are they the Key to Africas Global Integration and Growth?. by Francis and Yates, Alexander World Bank. 1999, Available at http//wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=detailseid=000094946_99032505 585398 Taxes and Bribery The Role of Wage Incentives. Besley, Timothy, and J. McLaren. Economic Journal, Vol. 103, January 1999. Final Paper submission deadline What is the issue of the changing role and power of the nation-state in the face of globalisation.Some argue that invincible globalising forces will inevitably lead to the demise or fatal weakening of the nation-state in international politics. This kind of business is explicitly presented in titles such as The End of the Nation-State (K. Ohmae, 1996) and The Retreat of the State (Susan Strange, 1996) Others refuse this argument and contend that nation-states will hold fast to their traditional powers and sovereignty. Examine the conflicting arguments on the relationship between globalisation and the sovereignty of the nation-state. In doing this, look into the conceptual aspects of globalisation and sovereignty first, present the different views on the subjects, and try to arrive at some conclusions as to what the conflicting arguments imply for human development. or A focused single-topic paper, either on one of the following topics, or on any other relevant topic which is cleared in advance with the Professor (a) Corruption and Accountability.(b) Electoral Reform in found Democracies. (c) Decentralisation and Democracy. (d) The Importance of Rule of Law and Access to Justice. (e) The Limits to the Capacity of the Public Sector. (f) The Uneven Impact of Globalisation. (g) The corrosion of Sovereignty. (h) The Role of Civil Society in the Future World. (i) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment. (j) Information engineering as a Driving Force. (k) Te rrorism, causes and effects (l) Poverty and its Effects (m) New Doctrines in Law (n) Free Trade and Protectionism (o) Migration flows in a Globalised world. SESSION 13 FINAL SUMMATION CURRENT GOOD PRACTICES some(prenominal) modules of good governance exist around the world.Students will identify different models of good governance and critically analyse its components establishing the reasons for the success of the models and identifying the circumstances where these models could be used as an example of best practices. What does capacity development for governance involve? How is the capacity of a national government assessed and what are the innovative approaches required to create an enabling environment and interrelationship of groups and organisations. Other discussion Papers Governance for Sustainable Human Development. Discussion Paper 7. UNDP, BDP/MDGD. http//magnet.undp.org/policy/default.htm January 1997, Available at Corruption and Good Governance.Discussion Paper 3. U NDP, BDP/MDGD. July 1997, Available at http//magnet.undp.org/ under Discussion Papers Series. The Capacity to Govern Report to the Club of Rome. Yehezekiel, The Commonwealth Portfolio of Current Good Practices and New Development in Public Services Management, Commonwealth Secretariat. 1996, Emerging Issues in Capacity Development, transactions of a Workshop. Institute on Governance, Ottawa, 1994. Spreading the Wealth, Dollar and Kraay, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2002 Is Inequality Decreasing, Galbraith and Pitt, Foreign Affairs, Jul-Aug 2002 SESSION 14 DISCUSSION ON FINAL PAPERS This session will review the Final Papers of students before the semester ends